COMMONWEALTH vs. DAVID REID.

ARMSTRONG, J. The defendant was found guilty on indictments charging statutory rape and abuse of a child under sixteen years of age (G. L. c. 265, Section 23) and assault and battery (G. L. c. 265, Section 13A). The defendant testified in his own behalf, and the Commonwealth began its cross-examination by impeaching the defendant with prior convictions, fourteen in number, of which five involved assaults or threats (the defendant denied one) and four could be considered to have a particular bearing

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on general honesty: namely, possession of stolen property, receiving stolen property, uttering a forged check, and breaking and entering in the nighttime and stealing goods of a value less than $100. Counsel for the defendant (not the same as appellate counsel) had not filed a motion in limine to exclude the convictions, and he did not object to their introduction.

The trial took place in September, 1985, eight years after the Supreme Judicial Court had ruled that trial judges had discretion to exclude prior convictions (Commonwealth v. Chase, 372 Mass. 736, 750-751 [1977]) and more than a year after it had been held that judges were obliged to exercise that discretion (by applying to the circumstances of the particular case a balancing of prejudice against probative force) and that that exercise was reviewable on appeal. Commonwealth v. Maguire, 392 Mass. 466, 467-470 (1984). [Note 1] Several months earlier the Supreme Judicial Court had indicated that it might have reversed a conviction where the judge had permitted the Commonwealth to impeach the defendant with a conviction of the same crime as that charged, had it not reversed the conviction on another ground. Commonwealth v. Elliot, 393 Mass. 824, 833-834 (1985). In a then-pending appeal in a case which had been tried a year before this trial, the Supreme Judicial Court was about to reverse a conviction due to a judge's mis-evaluation of the factors for and against the use of the conviction for impeachment purposes. Commonwealth v. Guilfoyle, 396 Mass. 1003 (1985).

Since the Maguire case, it has been clear that the discretion call which the judge is required to make is not in the nature of a referendum for or against the purpose of the statute (G. L. c. 233, Section 21, permitting prior convictions to be shown to impeach a witness's credibility). Rather, the judge is called upon to weigh "the probative value of the evidence of a prior conviction for the purposes of impeachment" against "the

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danger of unfair prejudice." 392 Mass. at 470. Striking that balance necessarily implies a particularized consideration, on a conviction-by-conviction basis, of the value of each conviction for strictly impeachment purposes, the likely bearing that each might have on the defendant's credibility, the probable prejudice to the defendant beyond its effect on his credibility, and the practical alternative in the particular case to the defendant's being a witness in his own behalf. Multiple prior convictions present an additional consideration to be weighed in the balance. Like most cumulative evidence, the marginal value of successive convictions for impeachment purposes tends to diminish, while the danger paradoxically increases that the jury will conclude that the defendant is an incurable criminal from whom society deserves protection regardless of any doubts they might have concerning his guilt of the particular offense charged.

Where the defendant's criminal record is limited to offenses having a similarity to that for which he is being tried, the trial judge may be faced with a particularly intractable problem, because a degree of improper prejudice must be risked unless the Commonwealth is to be foreclosed from impeaching the defendant's credibility in the manner approved by the statute. See Commonwealth v. Elliot, 393 Mass. at 832-834, and at 834-835 (Lynch, J., concurring); Commonwealth v. Ruiz, ante 297, 303-304, further appellate review granted, 398 Mass. 1102 (1986). On the other hand, where the defendant's criminal record is extensive and varied, the judge's task of applying the balancing test of Commonwealth v. Maguire is made correspondingly easier. Here, the decisions have recommended a commonsense, pick-and-choose approach, whereby some prior convictions may be admitted, especially those relating to honesty, but others may be kept out, such as those similar to the offenses charged or those which go beyond the limited, proper purpose of casting doubt on the defendant's credibility. Commonwealth v. Gonzalez, ante 274, 276 n.3 (1986). Commonwealth v. Ruiz, ante at 304. See Gordon v. United States, 383 F.2d 936, 940 (D.C. Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 390 U.S. 1029 (1968), cited with approval in Commonwealth v. Diaz, 383

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Mass. 73, 81 (1981); United States v. Henry, 528 F.2d 661, 667 & n.20 (D.C. Cir. 1976). Compare also United States v. Gaus, 471 F.2d 495, 499 (7th Cir. 1973).

Following that commonsense approach, the trial judge in this case, had he been asked to rule on the admissibility of prior convictions, would not have had a difficult discretion call. Four prior convictions related directly to honesty (forgery, theft, etc.). Their admission would have served the statutory purpose of informing the jury that there were objective grounds to doubt the trustworthiness of the defendant's testimony. Certain of the convictions were particularly likely to lead the jury towards the forbidden inference that the defendant was prone to assaultive behavior and was therefore more likely guilty of the assault charged. The use of all fourteen convictions would run the unnecessary risk of planting the thought that the defendant was incurably addicted to criminal behavior and that his incarceration was probably justified on some ground.

In this situation, applying common sense to the facts in light of the case law at the time, we think that many judges would probably have exercised their discretion to admit the offenses bearing particularly on honesty and kept out at least those prior convictions of purely assaultive offenses. [Note 2] Conscientious adherence to the Maguire concept of balancing, in a case where it was easy to strike a fair balance between probative force (for a proper purpose) and improper prejudice, would have minimized the likelihood of an across-the-board denial of a motion in limine.

Here, the trial judge was not called upon to exercise his discretion. No motion in limine was made before trial, and no objection was made at trial. The prosecutor did not forewarn

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the judge that the litany of prior convictions would extend to fourteen before it ended. The result was that the defendant was deprived of the particularized consideration of the factors for and against admission of each conviction to which the cases have held he was entitled. If the reason for that deprivation had been a failure by the judge to understand that he had discretion, it has been clear since the McFarland case that we would have to reverse the convictions. The deprivation was no less real because the cause was a simple failure by counsel to ask for a ruling.

The evidence pointing to the defendant's guilt was far from overwhelming. The competency of the youthful victim (five years old at trial) was a close question. [Note 3] Her testimony, often uncertain and vacillating, had to be elicited by an excruciatingly slow process of leading questions, and the evidence of penetration was left sufficiently unclear as to give some credence to the defendant's argument on appeal that a motion for a required finding of not guilty would have been appropriate. There was testimony at the trial, and much evidence adduced in support of the motion for a new trial, to support the view that the victim was the subject of sexual abuse by others in the mother's circle of acquaintances and that the defendant's opportunities to engage in such behavior in secret had been limited. The defendant had little alternative to testifying: as is normally true in sexual assault cases, the alleged victim and the defendant were the only possible eyewitnesses. In short, we are concerned that in what seems on the evidence to have been a close case the use of the defendant's entire record of prior convictions may have led to a miscarriage of justice. Our concern is not lessened when we look at the defendant's criminal record: it is obviously extensive, but none of the prior offenses had sexual overtones or suggestions of child abuse. [Note 4]

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It is not necessary to pinpoint blame more precisely. The fact that counsel performed well in other respects does not necessarily immunize a particular oversight of sufficient weight from being treated in the circumstances as ineffective assistance of counsel. Compare Commonwealth v. Rossi, 19 Mass. App. Ct. 257, 260 (1985). The danger of a miscarriage of justice might have been avoided if the prosecution had reacted to the omission with less zeal and more concern for "consisten[cy] with justice," Commonwealth v. DiMarzo, 364 Mass. 669, 683 (1974) (Hennessey, J., concurring). See Commonwealth v. Redmond, 370 Mass. 591, 597 (1976); Commonwealth v. Young, ante 452, 458 (1986) (Brown, J., concurring). Certainly both counsel should have been aware at the time of trial that impeachment by prior convictions had become a particularly sensitive area. [Note 5] Contrast Commonwealth v. Miranda, ante 10, 20 (1986). Regardless of blame, the critical facts in our view are that the defendant was denied a very real procedural protection through no fault of his own and that there exists a correspondingly real risk that the jury may have been unduly influenced in their consideration by what would seem to a layman an extraordinary number of prior convictions of the defendant. We think that the defendant is entitled to a new trial at which the use of each of his prior convictions for impeachment purposes will be separately subjected to a considered exercise of discretion by the trial judge. This is a case where "better work might have accomplished something material for the defense." Commonwealth v. Satterfield, 373 Mass. 109, 115 (1977). Cepulonis v. Commonwealth, 384 Mass. 495, 502 (1981).

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We mention a point that may come up at retrial. The judge correctly refused to instruct on indecent assault and battery on a child under fourteen as a lesser included offense, not only for the reason stated in Commonwealth v. Rowe, 18 Mass. App. Ct. 926 (1984), but for the reason that the indictment specified the charge as sexual intercourse with a child under the age of sixteen. A word should be said concerning the Rowe case. A statute passed in this year's legislative session, St. 1986, c. 187, has amended G. L. c. 265, Section 13B, so as to undermine the application to that section of the principles stated in Commonwealth v. Burke, 390 Mass. 480, 484-485 (1983), and the Rowe case: The charge of indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of fourteen will no longer have as an element lack of consent by the child. However, that statutory change would not affect the defendant's criminal responsibility for incidents which occurred prior to its effective date.

Judgments reversed.

Verdicts set aside.