JOHN LOCHE vs. DEAN WITTER REYNOLDS, INC., & others. [Note 1]

CUTTER, J. On March 31, 1987, Loche brought an action against Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. (DWR), and two brokers employed by that firm. The complaint in four counts alleged that Kearney and Mallozzi (sometimes referred to hereafter as "the brokers"), acting for DWR, had committed fraud, conversion, violations of Federal securities laws (see note 4, infra), and a breach of contract in connection with an investment by Loche.

On April 24, 1987, DWR's counsel by letter demanded that Loche submit his claim to arbitration under a "Securities Account Agreement" (the agreement) between Loche and DWR which contained the provisions set out in the margin for arbitration and governing law. [Note 2] To this letter Loche's counsel replied by letter dated April 29, 1987, saying, among other things, "At this time, we decline to submit . . . Loche's claims to arbitration." With respect to Loche's claims under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Loche's counsel pointed out that a similar issue concerning arbitration was presented in a case then pending before the Supreme Court of the United States. With respect to Loche's remaining claims, counsel "disagree[d] that these . . . are claims `arising out of

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or relating to' the . . . [a]greement between Loche and . . . [DWR]" and also "decline[d] to submit these claims to arbitration." [Note 3]

DWR, on May 5, 1987, filed a motion under the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. Sections 3 & 4 (1982), for an order that Loche be compelled to arbitrate as provided in the agreement. On May 18, 1987, a Superior Court judge denied DWR's motion (without comment or stating reasons which might have been helpful to the parties and others in a somewhat novel situation in this Commonwealth). A single justice of this court (acting under the first paragraph of G. L. c. 231, Section 118) granted DWR leave to appeal to a panel of this court and stayed proceedings pending appeal. That appeal is now before us.

Allegations of the Complaint

The nature of the case must be determined principally on the allegations of the complaint. Those allegations are summarized in the following paragraphs.

At all relevant times, Loche had an account with DWR, where Kearney and Mallozzi were said to be brokers. In October, 1984, Loche consulted Kearney about an investment in shares to be issued by Mosaic Technologies (Mosaic). Kearney later informed Loche that the proposed stock purchase called for him to invest as a limited partner in Weston Venture Partners I (Weston), which would hold the Mosaic common stock. Loche delivered to Kearney a $5,000 check for the commission and a $25,000 check payable to Weston for an equity interest in Mosaic common stock. Loche also signed a subscription agreement and a power of attorney to Mallozzi as a general partner of Weston.

Loche later learned that his money had been invested in preferred stock of Mosaic through Wellesley Venture Partners I (Wellesley), rather than in voting common stock through Weston. Only $20,000 had been invested in Wellesley, with the

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remaining $5,000 going to Mallozzi as a sales commission. Loche was informed, when he inquired about what had taken place, that the Wellesley investment had been made pursuant to a Wellesley subscription agreement and power of attorney. Upon inspecting copies of those documents, Loche discovered that his signature had been forged.

Loche alleges in Count I that Kearney and Mallozzi fraudulently induced him to pay over his money to them by false representations that the funds would be invested in Mosaic common stock through Weston. In Count II Loche alleges that he entrusted Kearney and Mallozzi with $30,000 for the Weston investment, and that by forgeries the brokers converted the funds by investing them in Wellesley. Finally, in Count IV [Note 4] Loche alleges that he had agreed with Kearney and Mallozzi, as general partners of Weston, that his funds would be invested in Mosaic common stock through Weston, and that Kearney and Mallozzi broke that agreement by investing Loche's funds through Wellesley.

In each count, Loche also alleges that DWR is liable because Kearney and Mallozzi were acting as brokers within the scope of their employment by DWR. DWR has filed an answer largely stating that it was without information sufficient to enable it to answer the complaint and also denying that it knew of the brokers' wrongful activities as alleged, or that it authorized or approved of them, or that either Kearney or Mallozzi was acting within the scope of his employment when they, respectively, allegedly took part in the activities charged in the complaint. DWR expressly denied an allegation of paragraph 4 of the complaint that Mallozzi was a broker at DWR. Mallozzi has filed a formal answer to the complaint containing mostly denials of allegations or assertions of insufficient knowledge to permit an answer, but denying that he has ever been a broker at DWR. Kearney does not appear to have filed a formal answer in this proceeding but the record appendix contains a letter from him to Loche's counsel purporting to clarify the facts.

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Contentions of the Parties

Loche now contends that the agreement must be interpreted under the State law of New York rather than under Federal law, and that (even under Federal law) the arbitration provision (note 2, supra) "does not encompass Loche's claims." He also contends that, if the claims are decided to be arbitrable, he remains entitled to select the arbitrator in accordance with the arbitration provision of the agreement.

DWR contends that Loche's claims against it are arbitrable under the Federal Arbitration Act and the terms of the agreement and that (as Loche did not select an arbitral tribunal within the time specified in the agreement's arbitration provision, note 2, supra) DWR's selection of the arbitration committee of the New York Stock Exchange is binding upon the parties.

Discussion

1. The Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. Section 2 (1982), makes enforceable a written arbitration agreement in any contract with respect to a transaction involving interstate commerce (see definition of "commerce" in Section 1). [Note 5] It constitutes "a [C]ongressional declaration of a liberal [F]ederal policy favoring arbitration agreements, notwithstanding any [S]tate substantive or procedural policies to the contrary." Moses H. Cone Memorial Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24 (1983). It preempts State arbitration law for contracts involving interstate commerce. Southland Corp. v. Keating, 465 U.S. 1, 10-16 (1984).

Section 3 of the act requires Federal courts to stay judicial proceedings concerning any dispute covered by an arbitration

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agreement relating to interstate commerce. [Note 6] This requirement applies to State courts as well as Federal courts. See the Cone Memorial Hosp. case, 460 U.S. at 26-27. Under Section 4, a party aggrieved by another party's refusal to arbitrate a dispute covered by the agreement to arbitrate may seek a court order to compel the refusing party to arbitrate. It is, perhaps, less certain that Section 4 requires State courts to grant orders compelling arbitration, but the Federal act certainly does not prohibit such an order. See the Southland Corp. case, 465 U.S. at 16 & n.10. Whether the controversy is arbitrable under the Federal act must be decided by the court (and not by an arbitrator). In making that decision, however, the court is not required (and, indeed, not permitted) "to rule on the potential merits of the underlying claims." See AT&T Technologies, Inc. v. Communications Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 649-650 (1986), cited in Old Rochester Regional Teacher's Club v. Old Rochester Regional School Dist. Comm., 398 Mass. 695, 700 (1986). See, as to the broadly interpreted Federal preemption of possibly conflicting State arbitration and other statutes, Perry v. Thomas, 482 U.S. 483, 489-492 (1987), which discusses a California statute provision which seems more explicit in its conflict than any other State statute brought to our attention in the present case.

In determining whether the present controversy relates to interstate commerce, the motion judge should have looked at the arbitration provision of the agreement (note 2, supra) and the complete situation alleged in the complaint, to determine whether the arbitration provision was intended to apply to every aspect of the investment relationship between Loche and DWR and whether that relationship contemplated transactions in interstate

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commerce. See Metro Industrial Painting Corp. v. Terminal Constr. Co., 287 F.2d 382, 387 (2d Cir. 1961). Contracts whose very purpose is to create a relationship for the purchase and sale of securities almost necessarily will involve interstate commerce. See discussion in Wilko v. Swan, 346 U.S. 427, 430-438 (1953, margin agreement, although waiver of all judicial relief by an agreement to arbitrate may be precluded under some Federal statutes); Robinson v. Bache & Co., 227 F.Supp. 456, 457-458 (S.D. N.Y. 1964, margin and lending account); Macchiavelli v. Shearson, Hammill & Co., 384 F.Supp. 21, 30 (E.D. Cal. 1974). See also Corey v. New York Stock Exchange, 493 F.Supp. 51, 54 (W.D. Mich. 1980), aff'd, 691 F.2d 1205 (6th Cir. 1982); Willis v. Shearson/American Express, Inc., 569 F.Supp. 821, 822-823 (M.D. N.C. 1983). [Note 7]

Loche (for the position mentioned in note 7) relies upon miscellaneous decisions in the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Those on their facts are largely distinguishable from the situation before us. See Merritt-Chapman & Scott Corp. v. Pennsylvania Turnpike Commn., 387 F.2d 768, 771-773 (3d Cir. 1967, dealing with a construction contract with an arbitration provision not shown to have involved interstate commerce); Gavlik Constr. Co. v. H.F. Campbell Co., 526 F.2d 777, 785 (3d Cir. 1975); Goodwin v. Elkins &

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Co., 730 F.2d 99, 109 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 831 (1984). We do not follow those decisions to the extent that they do not conform with Massachusetts appellate practice. Particularly is this so where an appellate court is reviewing action of a trial or motion judge on an issue not shown to be based on any proof before him, other than the same documentary material reproduced in the appellate record appendix.

We are in the same position that the motion judge was in to rule whether that documentary material [Note 8] shows a relationship between Loche and DWR contemplating dealings between them involving interstate commerce. See Stamper v. Stanwood, 339 Mass. 549, 551 (1959); Joseph E. Bennett Co. v. Commonwealth, 21 Mass. App. Ct. 321, 324 (1985). On such documentary material, we perceive no statutory barrier (either in G. L. c. 251, our own statute dealing with arbitration, or in the Federal Arbitration Act) to our determining that the motion judge reached the wrong conclusion, if he did do so.

The arbitration provision before us (see note 2, supra) is very broad and deals with "[a]ny controversy between . . . [Loche and DWR] arising out of or relating to this contract." [Note 9] The contract contemplated a continuing investment relationship, much of it necessarily involving interstate commerce. Loche's complaint contains allegations which essentially assert that the brokers were acting within the scope of their employment

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by DWR and that Loche consulted and dealt with them as such. Broad language of the type used here "covers contract-generated or contract-related disputes between the parties however labeled: it is immaterial whether claims are in contract or in tort . . . ." See Acevedo Maldonado v. PPG Indus., Inc., 514 F.2d 614, 616-617 (1st Cir. 1975). In a matter based upon a securities account relationship with DWR, the same principles were held applicable. Pierson v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 742 F.2d 334, 338 (7th Cir. 1984). See also Blumberg v. Berland, 678 F.2d 1068, 1070-1071 (11th Cir. 1982); Genesco, Inc. v. T. Kakiuchi & Co., 815 F.2d 840, 845-846 (2d Cir. 1987); Willis v. Shearson/American Express, Inc., 569 F.Supp. at 823-824.

The torts (e.g., fraud, conversion, misrepresentation) alleged here were of a nature closely involved (on Loche's own allegations) in a continuing investment relationship. They thus were sufficiently connected with that investment relationship to be regarded as subject to the arbitration provision. [Note 10] We hold that the motion judge erred in not ordering Loche's claims against DWR to be submitted to arbitration as provided in the Federal Arbitration Act.

2. It is not shown on this record that either Kearney or Mallozzi was a party to Loche's agreement with DWR. DWR in its answer admits that Kearney was employed by it, but denies that Mallozzi had ever been employed by it. DWR does not assert in its answer that it or Loche has any arbitration agreement with either Kearney or Mallozzi, which could result in a separate proceeding which might be consolidated with the present case and referred to arbitration. Any reference to arbitration, on this record, must be confined to the dispute between Loche and DWR. The claims involving Kearney and Mallozzi

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are to remain stayed pending the report of the arbitrators on the dispute between Loche and DWR, which, as a practical matter, may affect Loche's claims against the two alleged brokers.

3. Loche contends that he remains entitled under the arbitration provision (note 2, supra) to select which arbitration board should be the arbitrator, if this court decides that this dispute with DWR is arbitrable. Loche (see note 3, supra) refused DWR's request for arbitration on the grounds that the dispute was not subject to the arbitration provision and that a case then pending in the Supreme Court of the United States had a bearing on one aspect of his claims, later waived. See note 4, supra. The motion judge appeared to agree with Loche. We hold that the motion judge's decision was wrong, but we think that Loche's refusal on April 29, 1987, to arbitrate, in the circumstances, was not a waiver by Loche of the privilege of selecting the arbitrator, even though he could then have made a conditional selection. [Note 11]

Taking into account the whole situation, we rule that, on or before the expiration of ten business days after receipt of the rescript in this case in the clerk's office at the Superior Court for Civil Business in Suffolk County, Loche may file with that clerk a request (with a copy to counsel for DWR) for reference of the dispute with DWR for arbitration either to the American Arbitration Association or to the Board of Arbitration of the New York Stock Exchange, as an election which shall be binding upon DWR. If either of the brokers wish to be joined in (and bound by) that arbitration, and Loche agrees to arbitration with them, the Superior Court judge hearing this matter

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after remand may approve any reasonable method of arranging for their participation.

4. The denial on May 18, 1987, of the motion to compel arbitration is reversed. The case is remanded to the Superior Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

So ordered.