PAUL SARDELLA CONSTRUCTION CO., INC. vs. BRAINTREE HOUSING AUTHORITY & others. [Note 1]

HALE, C.J. This bill for declaratory relief comes to us by way of a report by the Superior Court pursuant to Mass.R.Civ.P. 64, 365 Mass. 831 (1974). The case was submitted to the trial judge on a case stated. [Note 2] The judge made rulings of law and reported those rulings to us for a determination of their correctness. We summarize the facts.

Sometime prior to September 15, 1971, the Braintree Housing Authority (Authority) invited bids pursuant to the provisions of the competitive bidding statute (G. L. c. 149, Sections 44A-44L) for the construction of a State-aided project of housing for the elderly. Thereafter, the bids of the subcontractors were opened, with the defendant Daniel Mazza Co., Inc. (Mazza) found to be the lowest responsible and eligible bidder for the plumbing subcontract. Mazza's subbid was unrestricted with respect to its willingness to enter into a subcontract with any general contractor. On September 15, 1971, the bids of the general contractors were opened, with the plaintiff Paul Sardella Construction Co., Inc. (Sardella) found to be the lowest responsible and eligible general bidder. Sardella listed Mazza as its plumbing subcontractor, as did the second lowest bidder. The defendant Fred J. Findlen and Sons (Findlen), the third lowest bidder, listed Duggan Construction Co., Inc. as its plumbing subcontractor.

On September 29, 1971, Mazza wired the Authority, purporting to withdraw its subbid on the basis of an alleged clerical error, and confirmed that action by a letter sent the following day.

On October 20, 1971, the Authority voted to award the contract to Sardella as the lowest responsible and eligible general bidder. See G. L. c. 149, Section 44A. The award was subject to the approval of the Department of Community Affairs. See G. L. c. 121B, Section 31. On October 26, 1971, Sardella notified Mazza that it had been selected by the Authority

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as the subcontractor and on November 15 sent Mazza proper subcontracts for its signature.

Mazza failed to execute the subcontracts within five days (G. L. c. 149, Section 44I [3]) and returned the unexecuted contracts to Sardella on November 22, 1971, notifying Sardella and the Authority of its refusal to execute "due to a bona fide clerical error" in its bid.

Thereafter, the Authority reviewed all of the other eligible and responsible plumbing subbids and determined that if any one of those bids was to be substituted in place of Mazza's, Findlen's bid would be the lowest general bid. The Authority then voted on November 24, 1971, to rescind its award of the general contract to Sardella and to award that contract to Findlen. Sardella was not invited to nor was it represented at the meeting at which such votes were taken. A notice of the decision was mailed to Sardella, and it immediately lodged a protest with the Department of Labor and Industries, which conducted an investigation and held a conference on December 7, 1971. See G. L. c. 149, Section 44K. On January 7, 1972, that Department rendered its decision upholding the action of the Authority in awarding the general contract to Findlen.

At a meeting held on December 15, 1971, the Authority found that "a bona fide clerical error had been made by Mazza" and voted to return Mazza's deposit (which it subsequently did). See G. L. c. 149, Section 44B (3). Sardella was not notified of that meeting.

On January 20, 1972, the Authority and Findlen executed a contract for the project. That contract was approved by the Department of Community Affairs. Findlen proceeded to build the project, substantially completing it by February, 1973. Findlen has been paid the contract price, with the exception of a small amount held back pending the completion of certain seeding operations.

Both Sardella and Findlen were eligible and responsible bidders at all material times.

The present bill for declaratory relief was filed on February 9, 1972. By this bill Sardella seeks a binding declaration of the rights, duties, status, and obligations of the

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parties, and that the damages caused Sardella by each of the defendants be determined and awarded to it. The prayers of the bill also include requests for temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions against the Authority and Findlen, enjoining them from doing any act in furtherance of the contract, and for an order directing the Authority to award the contract to Sardella and to rescind the award to Findlen. [Note 3] Nothing in the record or in the docket entries indicates that any move was made in the Superior Court for the issuance of any restraining order or injunction.

The judge ruled that: (1) the Authority is liable in damages to Sardella for unlawfully rescinding its award to Sardella; (2) Findlen is not liable to Sardella for accepting and performing a contract which should have been awarded to Sardella; and (3) Mazza is not liable to Sardella for refusing to execute a subcontract. We are asked to determine the correctness of these rulings.

1. In making its determination that Findlen became the lowest responsible and eligible bidder and should thus receive the contract, the Authority relied on the provisions of G. L. c. 149, Section 44I (2). [Note 4] In so deciding, it in effect applied

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only the last two sentences of the subsection, as there was no joint consideration of subbidders with Sardella and no agreement by Sardella to substitute another subbidder for the one carried in its general bid. Instead, the Authority unilaterally substituted another subbid in place of Mazza's and determined that by reason of such substitution Findlen became the lowest general bidder. It then proceeded to revoke the award to Sardella and to award the contract to Findlen.

We agree with the trial judge that Section 44I (3) [Note 5] should have been applied in the circumstances of this case, as that section specifically provides the proper route to follow where, as here, there is a failure by the selected subbidder to execute a subcontract. That subsection mandates that the Authority and the selected general bidder together select another subbidder and adjust the total contract price by the difference between the amount of the latter's bid and that of the defaulting subbidder. Notable is the absence from that subsection of any provision for the selection of

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another general bidder should the result of the change be to make the previously selected general bidder no longer the lowest bidder. That is in stark contrast to the immediately preceding subparagraph (2), which specifically provides for such a change. The Authority is protected from the impact of the increased price, as the bid deposit of the subbidder is required by Section 44B (1) to be payable to it. The bid deposit becomes the property of the Authority as liquidated damages to the extent of the difference between the depositor's subbid and that of the next lowest responsible and eligible subbidder. G. L. c. 149, Section 44B (3). Subsection (3) provides, among other things, that in a case of a bona fide clerical error of a substantial nature affecting a low subbidder, its bid deposit should be returned. The occurrence of such an event would result in the loss to the Authority of the protection of the deposit but would not change the status of the lowest general bidder, whose original bid would have to be adjusted in the manner required by Section 44I (3).

We conclude that the Authority's action in revoking its acceptance of Sardella's bid was erroneous and that the ruling of the judge that the Authority is liable in damages to Sardella was correct.

We are thus confronted with the difficult and novel question of the proper measure of damages to be awarded a bidder whose award was rescinded in violation of statutory requirements. Sardella contends that the Authority is liable to it for the profit it would have made had the award not been wrongfully rescinded by the Authority. The Authority argues that, as it has the right to reject any and all general bids (G. L. c. 149, Section 44D), and as no contract was ever made with Sardella, the latter has no valid theory of recovery against the Authority. [Note 6]

We conclude that Sardella is not entitled to recover anticipated profits as its measure of damages as it never actually

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entered into the contract under which it would have made such profits. See, e.g., Excavation Construction, Inc. v. United States, 494 F. 2d 1289, 1290 (Ct. Cl. 1974); Matter of Allen v. Eberling, 24 App. Div. 2d 594 (N.Y. 1965); William A. Berbusse, Jr. Inc. v. North Broward Hospital Dist. 117 So. 2d 550, 552 (Fla. App. 1960).

This conclusion, however, does not mean that Sardella is left without any remedy for the violation of the competitive bidding statute by the Authority. It has consistently been held that "in matters of substance there must be strict compliance with the requirements of G. L. c. 149 . . .." Chick's Construction Co. Inc. v. Wachusett Regional High Sch. Dist. Sch. Comm. 343 Mass. 38, 41 (1961). Interstate Engr. Corp. v. Fitchburg, 365 Mass. 751, 757 (1975). In construing an earlier version of the current statute, [Note 7] the Supreme Judicial Court stated that the "[a]bsence of bad faith or of corruption does not excuse non-compliance with the procedure established by the Legislature for the award of the contract." Gifford v. Commissioner of Pub. Health, 328 Mass. 608, 617 (1952). "Even the best of motives cannot excuse contravention of the statute." Grande & Son, Inc. v. School Housing Comm. of North Reading, 334 Mass. 252, 258 (1956). Neither the reservation of a right to reject any and all proposals in the notice to contractors nor the possibility that some violation of the statute might result in a benefit to the public warrants disobedience of the statutory mandate. Gifford, supra, at 616. See Interstate Engr. Corp., supra, at 760, n. 16.

The Supreme Judicial Court has recently discerned two fundamental, complementary legislative objectives underlying the competitive bidding statute: "First, the statute enables the public contracting authority to obtain the lowest price for its work that competition among responsible contractors can secure," and "[s]econd, the statute establishes an honest and open procedure for competition for public contracts and, in so doing, places all general contractors and subbidders on an equal footing in the competition

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to gain the contract." Interstate Engr. Corp., supra, at 758.

The "honest and open procedure for competition" among the various bidders that is one of the fundamental objectives of the competitive bidding statute must necessarily entail fair consideration of all the submitted bids in accordance with the applicable sections of the statute. We hold that where such consideration has not been given by public contracting authorities, in violation of statutory provisions, the proper measure of recovery is the reasonable cost of preparing the bid.

Many courts have held that it is an implied condition of every invitation for bids issued by a public contracting authority that each bid submitted pursuant to the invitation will be fairly considered in accordance with all applicable statutes. See, e.g., Heyer Prod. Co. v. United States, 140 F. Supp. 409, 412-413 (Ct. Cl. 1956); Keco Indus. Inc. v. United States, 428 F. 2d 1233, 1240 (Ct. Cl. 1970); William F. Wilke, Inc. v. Department of the Army, 485 F. 2d 180, 183 (4th Cir. 1973). [Note 8] Contra, Rapp v. Salt Lake City, 527 P. 2d 651, 654-655 (Utah 1974). Should the public contracting authority fail to give such consideration, the implied contract formed by the submission of such a bid is broken, and recovery of bid preparation costs is deemed a proper remedy. M. Steinthal & Co. v. Seamans, 455 F. 2d 1289, 1302 (D.C. Cir. 1971). Merriam v. Kunzig, 476 F. 2d 1233, 1241 (3d Cir. 1973), cert. den. sub nom. Gateway Center Corp. v. Merriam, 414 U.S. 911 (1973). William F. Wilke, Inc. v. Department of the Army, 485 F. 2d 180, 181-182 (4th Cir. 1973). McCarty Corp. v. United States,

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499 F. 2d 633, 637-638 (Ct. Cl. 1974) (bid preparation costs awarded). Cincinnati Electronics Corp. v. Kleppe, 509 F. 2d 1080, 1089 (6th Cir. 1975). Armstrong & Armstrong, Inc. v. United States, 356 F. Supp. 514, 521 (E.D. Wash. 1973) (bid preparation costs awarded). [Note 9] In addition, two courts have stated that in certain cases the award of bid preparation costs alone may be inadequate. General Elec. Co. v. Seamans, 340 F. Supp. 636, 640 (D. D. C. 1972). Ainslie Corp. v. Middendorf, 381 F. Supp. 305, 307 (D. Mass. 1974). See M. Steinthal & Co., supra, at 1302.

The award of reasonable bid preparation costs for the failure to give fair consideration to a bidder in accordance with the statutory procedure will best effectuate the legislative objectives underlying the statute by insuring the widest competition among responsible bidders. Notwithstanding possible short-term benefit to an awarding authority in a particular case through violation of the statute, over the longer term harm to the public interest would ensue if awarding authorities are not to be held accountable for their violations. The number of bidders, and thus the range of choice available to an awarding authority, may well be reduced if it were to be assumed by prospective bidders that such an authority would not abide by the applicable statutes in making its awards. As the court stated in Heyer Products Co. v. United States, 140 F. Supp. 409, 412 (Ct. Cl. 1956), "[n]o person would have bid at all if he had known that `the cards were stacked against him.'" [Note 10]

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We are not called upon in this case to determine what the measure of damages might be if an authority were to act in bad faith.

2. Sardella claims that it is entitled to damages from Findlen on the theory that Findlen was unjustly enriched to the extent of the profits it received in performing the contract with the Authority. It cites Flavin v. Morrissey, 327 Mass. 217 (1951), and General Exch. Ins. Corp. v. Driscoll, 315 Mass. 360 (1944), asserting that the latter case is "on all fours" with the present case. We fail to see any resemblance between the factual situations presented in those cases and that of the present case. Nor are we moved to strain the principles giving rise to a cause of action for unjust enrichment to cover the facts in this case. The judge found that there was no evidence that Findlen intentionally induced the Authority to rescind the award to Sardella. It appears that Findlen did nothing more than enter into the contract for which it had bid, at the amount of its bid, and as it was obliged to do under the statutory form for general bids. See G. L. c. 149, Section 44F. Findlen would have forfeited all or part of its bid deposit had it not done so (G. L. c. 149, Section 44B[2]), and it should not be retroactively placed in the position of having to make a choice between such a loss and determining at its peril the validity of the Authority's action in deciding that it, rather than Sardella, was the lowest bidder. We affirm the judge's ruling as to this claim.

3. Finally, Sardella claims that it is entitled to damages from Mazza because of a claimed violation of Mazza's duty

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to execute its subcontract. There was no contractual relationship, express or implied, between Sardella and Mazza which could give rise to any liability to Sardella for Mazza's failure to execute the subcontract. Had the Authority acted properly, in accordance with Section 44I (3), Sardella would not have been harmed, regardless of which subcontractor had been chosen. (See part 1 of this decision.) While it was Mazza's failure to execute that initiated the dispute, it was the failure of the Authority to act in accordance with the statutory mandate that resulted in the loss to Sardella.

The reported rulings of the trial judge were correct. The case is remanded to the Superior Court for the entry of final judgments which declare that Findlen and Mazza are not liable to Sardella (Mass.R.Civ.P. 54 (b), 365 Mass. 821 [1974]) and for the determination of the Authority's liability to Sardella in accordance with the principles enunciated in this opinion.

So ordered.