COMMONWEALTH vs. GERALD WALKER.

GILLERMAN, J. The defendant was charged on six identical

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indictments [Note 1] of forcible rape of two unnamed children under the age of sixteen, see G. L. c. 265, s. 22A. [Note 2] Both children were approximately age six at the time of the incidents and age nine at the time of the trial. The judge, sue sponte, instructed the jury that they could return a verdict of guilty on indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of fourteen. See G. L. c. 265, s. 13B. [Note 3] The jury returned a verdict of guilty of the lesser offense on all five of the indictments before them. See note 3, supra. The defendant appeals claiming various errors in the rulings of the judge, and he argues that the judge erred by instructing on s. 13B.

1. The instruction regarding the lesser included offense.

The defendant argues that the judge erred when he ruled that indecent assault and battery on a child under fourteen (s. 13B) is included within the offense of forcible rape of a child under sixteen (s. 22A), and that the judgment must be reversed because the defendant was convicted of a crime with which he was not charged. [Note 4] See Commonwealth v. Schuchardt, 408 Mass. 347, 351-352 (1990); Commonwealth v. Farrell, 31 Mass. App. Ct. 267, 268-269 (1991). The defendant points out that forcible rape may be charged when the child is under the age of sixteen, while indecent assault and battery may be charged only when the child is under fourteen. "It is self-evident," the defendant argues, "that an allegation that a victim is under sixteen years of age does not include within itself an allegation that the victim is under fourteen years of age."

It is true that a victim under the age of sixteen is not nec-

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essarily under the age of fourteen. Nevertheless, the defendant may not prevail. The question that must be answered is whether all the elements of the lesser offense are included within the greater offense. In the circumstance of a victim under the age of fourteen, we conclude that s. 13B is a lesser included offense of s. 22A.

The underlying issue in this controversy is whether it can be said that the defendant, having been convicted of a crime with which he was not charged, received adequate notice of the risk of a conviction of the lesser crime. See Commonwealth v. Grasso, 375 Mass. 138, 139 (1978) ("[A] crime must be proved as charged and must be charged as proved"). The answer is "yes" if the question is whether all the elements of the lesser offense are included in the greater offense. But if the question is as put by the defendant -- whether the greater crime includes all the elements of the lesser crime -- the answer is that the supposed lesser crime may not be available, as this case illustrates.

The analysis urged by the defendant is both counter-intuitive and inconsistent with the policy favoring the doctrine of lesser included offenses -- a policy that stretches back to the beginning of our jurisprudence. See Commonwealth v. Macomber, 3 Mass. 223 (1807). As comment 5 to s. 1.07 of the Model Penal Code (1985) points out, the doctrine of a lesser included offense serves a public purpose: it "allows the jury . . . to convict of the offense established by the evidence, rather than forcing it to choose between convicting the defendant of an offense not fully established by the evidence or acquitting, even though the defendant is clearly guilty of some offense." See also Commonwealth v. Pizzotti, 27 Mass. App. Ct. 376, 385 (1989) ("A judge need not fall in with a defendant's desire to gamble on the jury's acquitting him of the larger crime if that crime were put to them without the other choice").

This formulation of the doctrine as we have stated it was made abundantly clear in Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 11 Mass. App. Ct. 379, 380 (1981) ("It has long been held that lesser included offenses are those necessarily included in the offense as charged" [Note 5]). This formulation justifies the conviction of the lesser crime on an indictment charging the greater

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crime, and it is this formulation that has been cited repeatedly by the Supreme Judicial Court. See Commonwealth v. Sherry, 386 Mass. 682, 694-695 (1982); Commonwealth v. Schuchardt, 408 Mass. at 351; Ariel A. v. Commonwealth, 420 Mass. 281, 285 (1995). [Note 6] The Model Penal Code, s. 1.07(4)(a)(1985), similarly provides that an offense is included in the offense charged when the included offense "is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged." See also Commonwealth v. Egerton, 396 Mass. 499, 503 n.3 (1986) (court assumed that indecent assault and battery in violation of s. 13B is a lesser included offense of forcible rape of a child under s. 22A); Commonwealth v. Cobb, 26 Mass. App. Ct. 283, 284 (1988) (indictment did not name the alleged victim and stated merely that she was under sixteen years of age; because of the lack of proof of penetration, the counts on s. 22A were reversed, and without explanation, we held that there was sufficient proof of the commission of the "lesser included crime, that described in G. L. c. 265, s. 13B" [Note 7]); Commonwealth v. Brouillard, 40 Mass. App. Ct. 448, 449 n.3 (1996) ("[I]ndecent assault and battery of a child is ordinarily a lesser included offense of rape of a child").

Further, having acquiesced in the lesser included instruction, the defendant cannot now claim to have been prejudiced by that instruction. Compare Commonwealth v. Thayer, 418 Mass. 130, 134 (1994) (defendant cannot claim to be prejudiced by a lesser included instruction since he relied on defense that no abuse occurred). We note also that while the indictments did not name the complainants, or state their ages to be under fourteen, discovery pleadings filed by the defendant, who was the cousin of one of the complainants and a family friend of the other, firmly established the undisputed fact of the defendant's knowledge of the identity of the

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complainants and their ages at the time of the alleged incidents. [Note 8]

We hold, therefore, that on the facts in this case (it being undisputed before trial that the two complainants were under the age of fourteen), indecent assault and battery was a lesser included offense of forcible rape.

2. The judge's refusal to allow a voir dire. On the first day of the trial, the defendant moved for a voir dire of one of the child complainants (whom we shall call Mary), concerning an alleged sexual assault upon Mary by her father. [Note 9] The motion was based on counsel's representations that certain public records revealed that Mary was the subject of an acrimonious custody battle between her father and mother. The father prevailed, and the mother was held in contempt on three occasions. Based on charges made by the mother in the custody proceedings, the defendant sought to examine Mary about an alleged incident described by the mother in those proceedings.

The judge ruled that "the distance between the evidence that in fact the mother did make these charges and that these charges reached the ears of this child, that distance is just too great to permit a very prejudicial question to be put to this child on that. You've got to have more foundation."

There was no error. The defendant had failed to put down any reasonable foundation of prior similar sexual abuse, see Commonwealth v. Ruffen, 399 Mass. 811, 815-816 (1987), and thus he fails to pass the threshold of "reasonable suspicion and a good faith basis for the inquiry" referred to in that opinion.

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3. Mary's alleged prior statement. During his cross-examination of Mary, defense counsel explored a subject not covered on direct examination -- whether Mary recalled telling a social worker that "one time [when the defendant was allegedly assaulting Mary] your brother Bobby came in asking for a drink of water?" Mary answered that she did. Later that same day, after the afternoon recess, defense counsel returned to the subject and asked the same question again. This time Mary testified that she did not remember making that statement to the social worker.

Without directing Mary's attention to her earlier testimony to refresh her recollection, defense counsel sought instead to refresh her memory by showing her the report of the social worker. The prosecutor objected, and the court ruled as follows: "I realize that there is a fairly wide variety of things you can ask to refresh your recollection from, but I think that goes a little bit too far with a child this age" (emphasis added).

There was no error. Counsel had successfully impeached Mary by her inconsistent answers. Moreover, the judge could reasonably conclude -- as he evidently did -- that a child of merely nine years would not likely understand that counsel was only showing her the report to "refresh her recollection" and not to gain her admission that the report was true. In these circumstances the defendant's right of cross-examination was "not impermissibly restricted." Commonwealth v. Clarke, 418 Mass. 207, 212 (1994).

Judgments affirmed.