COMMONWEALTH vs. DONNA M. GARCIA

KAPLAN, J. Upon a complaint charging her with the crime colloquially called "contributing to the delinquency of a minor," see G. L. c. 119, s. 63 (text reproduced in the margin) [Note 1], the

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defendant, Donna Garcia, was tried, nonjury, in Fall River Juvenile Court on April 23, 1998, convicted, and sentenced to six months' probation [Note 2]. In her appeal, the defendant contends that the judge erred when he denied her motion for a required finding of not guilty at the close of the Commonwealth's case and again when she rested without offering evidence. We agree with the defendant's contention, and shall reverse the conviction.

The following occurred before the instant "contributing" complaint was tried: (i) The minor, Phil P. [Note 3], was convicted in New Bedford Juvenile Court on March 5, 1996, of breaking and entering, larceny, and possession of marijuana, and received a suspended sentence; (ii) the present defendant, Donna Garcia, upon jury trial in New Bedford District Court on November 24, 1997, was acquitted of receiving stolen property in value over $250; a charge of acting as accessory after the fact was dismissed [Note 4].

To revert to the instant contributing complaint and appeal: Phil P., witness for the Commonwealth, testified that on March 1, 1996, when he was fifteen years old, he broke into the downstairs apartment of a neighbor at 275 Bates Street, New Bedford, and made off with two VCRs and some jewelry, which included a gold necklace. He telephoned the defendant for a ride. She picked him up at his home (an upstairs apartment at the same address) and drove him to her house, carrying also, it appears, two VCRs and a gold necklace. Phil said he told the defendant the property was his; and he had never given any of it to anyone. He never told the defendant he had done a breaking, or that the property had belonged to anyone besides himself.

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Phil said the defendant had not offered assistance in hiding or disposing of these goods.

Officer Jose M. Correia, a New Bedford policeman, also testifying for the Commonwealth, said that on the day of the break-in, he responded to the apartment at 275 Bates Street and spoke to Joseph Ponsart, the occupant. Thereupon he went to Timberlane Road, New Bedford, the defendant's place, accompanied by police officers and Phil's stepfather. Phil was there. They spoke to him and the defendant. The defendant said she had given Phil a ride, that he had come over with the VCRs, and that one of them was in her apartment. When Correia told her he had information that a second VCR had been sold, she denied being given anything by Phil. She went to her bedroom and came back with a VCR and handed it to Correia. When Correia said they were looking for two VCRs and a necklace, that Phil had stolen them, she said she was not involved, and denied being given anything by Phil. She denied having a gold necklace, but Correia saw it in a trash can near a TV set and took it. Later the defendant called the police to say she had located a second VCR, which she surrendered to the police. Ponsart reclaimed the three items as his.

We interpret G. L. c. 119, s. 63, to require for a conviction that the accused shall have acted knowingly in the subversion of the minor - shall have understood that her conduct was blameworthy in relation to the minor. Section 63 is indeed sweeping in its definition of the offense (see note 1), but the requirement of establishing the knowledge element inheres in each part of the definition, from "caus[ing]" to "act[ing] in any way tending to cause" delinquency. Such an interpretation follows from the "general principle that criminal liability should be premised upon subjective blameworthiness" (quoted from the commentary to s. 230.4 of the Model Penal Code, at 451, cited in the margin) [Note 5]. The Legislature would be expected to recognize the principle, and to be quite explicit in the singular situations where it intended that the principle should not apply.

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(This is even without consideration of the question how far a knowledge factor could constitutionally be eliminated from the crime of contributing to delinquency. Cf. Vachon v. New Hampshire, 414 U.S. 478 [1974] [6-3 decision].)

The Commonwealth at trial and on appeal has not mentioned a knowledge requirement. Perhaps the Commonwealth, without saying so, wants us to infer that the defendant Garcia knew the goods were stolen. If she knew this at the time, then there is authority that she might be held guilty of contributing by way of receiving the goods or otherwise. See People v. Dritz, 259 A.D. 210 (N.Y. 1940); Commonwealth v. Stroik, 175 Pa. Super. 10 (1954). But when it comes to proof of such knowledge, the Commonwealth could do no more on the present record than invite a trier to a conclusion based on tendentious winks and nudges - that there were two VCRs, not one, that a necklace was implicated, etc. We think the evidence was insufficient to ground a finding of knowledge and surely not a finding beyond a reasonable doubt according to the Latimore standard, Commonwealth v. Latimore, 378 Mass. 671 , 676-678 (1979). "[N]o essential element of the crime may rest in surmise, conjecture, or guesswork." Commonwealth v. Kelley, 359 Mass. 77 , 88 (1971) [Note 6]. We add that evidence of the missing feature, if it existed, would hardly be beyond the ordinary reach of a prosecu-

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tor in gathering evidence; for example, a prosecutor might well inquire about the nature of any prior relationship between the defendant and the minor. (The trial judge did not explain his decision.)

Our holding that there was error in the judge's denial of a required finding is consistent, or not inconsistent, with the present defendant's acquittal after jury trial of receiving the stolen property. Were our decision otherwise, were we affirming the defendant's conviction of the contributing crime, a question would appear on the face of things whether the conviction was barred by reason of double jeopardy. See Commonwealth v. Woods, 414 Mass. 343 , 350-351, cert. denied, 510 U.S. 815 (1993), and compare United States v. Dixon, 509 U.S. 688 (1993). See also Commonwealth v. Arriaga, 44 Mass. App. Ct. 382 , 391-392 (1998). The question might be litigated by postconviction proceedings if the defendant could clear herself of the objection that any double jeopardy contention was lost because not raised by way of defense at trial (or pressed on the present appeal).

Judgment reversed.