LODGE CORPORATION vs. ASSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA.

PERRETTA, J. In March, 1994, Lodge Corporation (Lodge), a building contractor, obtained a builder's risk insurance policy from Assurance Company of America (Assurance). [Note 1] The policy provided retroactive coverage for a construction site commenced in the previous month upon compliance with certain reporting provisions and a monthly rate endorsement which provides that the "starting date for the purpose of this report is the date when you first put the building materials on the construction site." Lodge poured the foundation for the building on October 24, and received lumber at the site on or after November 2. On December 4, an accidental fire destroyed the structure as it

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existed on that date. The day after the fire, Lodge sent Assurance a reporting form stating that construction at the site had begun in November. Assurance took the position that construction began in October, when the foundation was poured, and denied Lodge's claim. Lodge then brought an action for breach of contract and violations of G. L. c. 93A and G. L. c. 176D. On cross motions for summary judgment, a Superior Court judge concluded that cement was a "building material" and ordered entry of judgment in Assurance's favor. [Note 2] We affirm.

1. The controversy. Lodge is a construction company that builds about fifty single-family houses a year. Its president, Andrew Lane, had been in the home construction business since 1958. Over the years, Lane had constructed or supervised the construction of some 13,000 houses. Since 1967 or 1968, he had purchased builder's risk insurance for his construction projects through one insurance agency. That agency periodically reviewed the cost of the policies for Lodge and, from time to time, recommended that he change insurers in order to obtain the best coverage at the lowest cost. It was upon the advice of the agency that Lodge, in early 1994, obtained a builder's risk policy from Assurance. This new policy took effect on March 2, 1994, and insured each of Lodge's structures under construction up to $1,000,000 against damage or fire loss. The provisions of the policy here controlling, sections E.4(a) & (b), provide in pertinent part:

"a. By the last day of each month you will report to us the total estimated completed value of all buildings in your inventory during the previous month. Inventory includes buildings you started as well as previously reported buildings. . . .

"The starting date for the purpose of this report is the date when you first put the building materials on the construction site (emphasis supplied).

"b. If, at the time of a loss you have not reported a building

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as required in this provision, we do not cover that building for that loss" (emphasis in original).

As can be seen from the terms of the policy, Lodge was required to report by the last day of each month the total estimated completed value of all structures started during the previous month. This reporting method gave Lodge a grace period during which it could add a new construction site and receive retroactive coverage so long as Lodge reported the site by the end of the next calendar month after the starting date of construction. [Note 3] As provided by the policy, the "starting date" turns upon the date when "building materials" were first put upon the site. The policy, however, does not define the term "building materials."

It is Lodge's position that as used in section E.4(a), the term "building materials" is ambiguous and can reasonably be construed to mean lumber and other flammable components used to construct a building above the level of the lowest basement floor. The question before us is whether, as matter of law and as Assurance argues, the policy is unambiguous and enforceable in accordance with its terms, see Seaco Ins. Co. v. Barbosa, 435 Mass. 772 , 779 (2002), and cases therein cited, or whether Lodge was entitled to summary judgment because, as explained in Hakim v. Massachusetts Insurers' Insolvency Fund, 424 Mass. 275 , 281 (1997), quoting from Trustees of Tufts Univ. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 415 Mass. 844 , 849 (1993), "[w]here . . . there is more than one rational interpretation of policy language, 'the insured is entitled to the benefit of the one that is more favorable to it.' " See Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. v. Offices Unlimited, Inc., 419 Mass. 462 , 466 (1995); Citation Ins. Co. v. Gomez, 426 Mass. 379 , 381 (1998).

2. The resolution. In construing the terms of a policy, we consider the common and technical understanding of the words as well as the conduct of the parties in light of all the circumstances. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 202 (1981). [Note 4] "If there is no ambiguity, we 'construe the words of the policy in their usual and ordinary sense.' " Citation Ins. Co.

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v. Gomez, 426 Mass. at 381, quoting from Hakim v. Massachusetts Insurers' Insolvency Fund, 424 Mass. at 280.

We look first to the common understanding of the term "building materials." As defined in Webster's Third New Intl. Dictionary 1392 (1993), the word "material," when used as a noun, means "the basic matter (as metal, wood, plastic, fiber) from which the whole or the greater part of something physical (as a machine, tool, building, fabric) is made" (emphasis supplied). See Wellesley v. Brossi, 340 Mass. 456 , 457 (1960) (sand, rock, cement blocks, brick, and wood or "other building materials"); DiMaggio v. Mystic Bldg. Wrecking Co., 340 Mass. 686 , 689 (1960) (heavy lumber). Cf. Mutual Lumber Co. v. Sheppard, 173 S.W.2d 494, 497-498 (Tex. App. 1943) (hand-tools not within statutory comprehension of term "building materials").

Lodge does not argue that the term "building materials," standing alone, is limited to wooden framing materials. [Note 5] Nor does it make any real argument that the term in question becomes ambiguous when read in the context of the entire

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policy. [Note 6] See Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. v. Offices Unlimited, Inc., 419 Mass. at 466-467 ("words, which are clear by themselves, may become ambiguous when read in the context of an insurance policy"). Instead, it argues that the circumstances of the execution of the insurance policy demonstrate the ambiguity. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 202 comment b (1981). [Note 7]

There are two circumstances which Lodge argues we must consider. First, there is Assurance's brochure in which it is expressly noted and emphasized that "[o]nce material which will be part of the completed structure is delivered to the construction site (including foundation), it is considered a start." Lodge cites the brochure as proof of Assurance's recognition that the term "building materials," as used in the policy itself, reasonably could be construed to mean wooden framing materials only. [Note 8] Second, there is an affidavit from Lodge's insurance adjuster in which he states that insurance programs provided under other builder's risks policies allowed policyholders to report building starts no later than the date that construction began above the level of the lowest basement floor. [Note 9] We see

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nothing in these circumstances which show that the term "building materials" is susceptible of more than one meaning and is, therefore, ambiguous.

Even assuming that Lodge did not receive the brochure prior to the date of the policy (see note 8, supra), the brochure does no more than recite, rather than contradict or expand upon, the common understanding of the words "building materials." The brochure, at most, supports Lodge's disagreement with Assurance's interpretation of the policy. "[A]n ambiguity is not created simply because a controversy exists between parties, each favoring an interpretation contrary to the other." Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. v. Offices Unlimited, Inc., 419 Mass. at 466, and cases therein cited. See note 5, supra.

Further, Lodge's claim of ambiguity in the terms of the policy gains no support from the insurance adjuster's affidavit, in which he recites the trade meaning of the term "building materials." See Somerset Sav. Bank v. Chicago Title Ins. Co., 420 Mass. 422 , 427-428 (1995), repeating the rule of contract interpretation that express terms have preference over custom and usage. We also note the undisputed facts that, over the years and upon the advice of its insurance agent, Lodge purchased insurance on the basis of cost. See Save-Mor Supermkts., Inc. v. Skelly Detective Serv., Inc., 359 Mass. 221 , 226 (1971), holding that it is fair to assume that a lesser cost of insurance means lesser coverage.

3. Conclusion. It follows from what we have said that we agree with the Superior Court judge's conclusion of law that the policy clearly provided that the term "building materials" included cement and that, consequently, Lodge's reporting form was overdue, and that Lodge's failure to make a timely report resulted in the loss of coverage under the policy.

Judgment affirmed.