COMMONWEALTH vs. CLAUDE BOLLING.

GREEN, J. We are called upon to consider again the application of the Sex Offender Registration and Community Notification Act, G. L. c. 6, §§ 178C-178P, to homeless sex offenders. See Commonwealth v. Rosado, 450 Mass. 657 (2008); Commonwealth v. Scipione, 69 Mass. App. Ct. 906 (2007). The defendant, who registered with the Greenfield police department as a level three sex offender (listing his address as the "streets of Greenfield"), was arrested by police in the neighboring town of Montague after they received information that he had begun

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spending nights in the apartment of a resident of that town. On appeal, the defendant contends that the evidence at his jury-waived trial was insufficient to support his conviction. We agree and reverse the judgment.

Facts and procedural background. Viewed in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, see Commonwealth v. Latimore, 378 Mass. 671 , 676-677 (1979), the evidence at trial established the following facts. On June 6, 2006, the defendant came to the Greenfield police department to register as a level three sex offender. [Note 2] Detective Laura Gordon assisted the defendant in filling out the registration form, by obtaining information from the defendant and filling in the blanks on the form. For the space designated "Permanent Address," the defendant specified "Streets of Greenfield, Franklin County, MA 01301." For the space designated "Mailing Address," the defendant specified "178 Avenue A -- P.O. Box 84, Montague, Franklin County, MA 01376." [Note 3] The space provided for "Temporary OR Out of State Address (If different than permanent)" was not completed; Detective Gordon drew a line through the space.

After completing the form, Detective Gordon read to the defendant the following notification, which appeared at the bottom of the registration form:

"You are advised that you must notify, in writing, the Sex Offender Registry Board or the Police Department in the city or town in which you reside not less than 10 days prior to any change in residence, employment, or attendance at an institute of higher learning. You are further advised that you are required to immediately contact and advise of your presence, the appropriate authorities in any other state in which you locate yourself for the purpose of residence, employment, or attendance at an institute of higher learning. Failing to do so may subject you to criminal prosecution."

After Detective Gordon read the advisory to the defendant,

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the defendant checked the box stating that "the [above] requirements were read to me and I understand these requirements," and signed the completed form. Above his signature, the form contained an attestation, under the pains and penalties of perjury, that the information provided by the defendant was true and accurate. After the defendant signed the registration form, Detective Gordon gave the defendant a second form, which contained various information about the defendant's ongoing obligations. Among other things, the form stated that "[w]e expect you to comply with the state law (M.G.L. c. 6 Sec. 178C through P) which requires you to notify us of any change of residence address, both full and part-time residences, a minimum of ten (10) days prior to the change." The defendant signed this form as well, under a statement certifying "that I have read or had read to me, the above information and that I fully understand my duties and responsibilities with regard to registering as a sex offender."

Near the end of July, 2006, the defendant met Lori Martinez. Martinez lived in a two-bedroom, second-floor apartment in the Turners Falls section of Montague. [Note 4] Montague is adjacent to Greenfield, and Martinez's apartment is approximately two or three miles from the Greenfield courthouse. On the day they met, the defendant asked Martinez if he could spend the night in her apartment, as he had no place to stay. Martinez agreed, and the defendant slept on her sofa. [Note 5] The defendant stayed in Martinez's apartment twice more during July, but never more than one night in a row. The defendant did not pay Martinez for his stays or contribute to her household expenses.

On August 3, 2006, Martinez's mother died, and Martinez left her apartment to make funeral arrangements. Martinez locked her apartment upon her departure and did not notice anything different in her apartment when she returned several days later, following her mother's funeral. When Martinez returned to her apartment, the defendant came to visit her from time to time. Asked whether the defendant stayed overnight in her apartment in August, Martinez could not recall. Martinez was allowed to

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testify, over the defendant's objection, that she was "aware" that the defendant stayed at a neighbor's house on occasion, though the record does not indicate the source of her knowledge, the identity or address of the neighbor (other than that it was not in the same apartment building), the number of occasions the defendant stayed at the neighbor's, or the dates. [Note 6]

Staff Sergeant Christopher Williams of the Montague police department began an investigation of the defendant after receiving information that the defendant "was living on Fourth Street in Turners Falls." [Note 7] On August 14, 2006, Williams knocked on the door to Martinez's apartment and asked for the defendant. Martinez went to a bedroom door, knocked, and told the defendant that someone was there to see him. Williams heard the bedroom door being unlocked, and then observed the defendant emerge from the bedroom, holding a cup of beer. Williams arrested the defendant. After a jury-waived trial in the District Court, the defendant was convicted on a charge of failing to provide notice of a change of address, as required under G. L. c. 6, § 178H(a)(iii), and sentenced to one year in the house of correction.

Discussion. "The Legislature adopted G. L. c. 6, §§ 178C-178O, an extensive statutory registration scheme for sex offenders, in order to protect the public from 'the danger of recidivism posed by sex offenders' and to aid law enforcement officials in protecting their communities by providing them with information" (footnote omitted). Commonwealth v. Rosado, 450 Mass. at 659-660, quoting from St. 1999, c. 74, § 1. Convicted sex

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offenders must register with the Sex Offender Registry Board (board), which then determines the classification level of the offender. G. L. c. 6, §§ 178E, 178K(2). The classification level in turn determines certain details of the offender's registration obligations. Level three sex offenders, such as the defendant, must verify their registration information annually in person at the local police department in the city or town in which they live. [Note 8] G. L. c. 6, § 178F 1/2 . In addition, the board annually mails a nonforwardable verification form to the last reported address of the offender, and the offender is required within five days after receipt of the verification form to sign it and register in person at the police department in the municipality in which the offender lives. Ibid. Pursuant to G. L. c. 6, § 178E(h), a sex offender who intends to move to a different city or town within the Commonwealth must register his intended new address with the board by mailing to it a form, at least ten days before establishing the new residence. Included among the information offenders must provide is their home address and any secondary addresses or intended secondary addresses. See G. L. c. 6, § 178E(l). "Secondary addresses" are defined as "the addresses of all places where a sex offender lives, abides, lodges, or resides for a period of 14 or more days in the aggregate during any calendar year and which is not a sex offender's primary address; or a place where a sex offender routinely lives, abides, lodges, or resides for a period of 4 or more consecutive or nonconsecutive days in any month and which is not a sex offender's permanent address, including any out-of-state address." G. L. c. 6, § 178C. [Note 9] Section 178H specifies the punishment to be imposed on a sex offender who knowingly fails to register, fails to verify registration information, fails to provide notice of a change of address, or provides false information. The statute specifies that level two or three sex offenders who reside at a

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homeless shelter must register every ninety days [Note 10] but imposes no comparable requirement on homeless sex offenders not living in a shelter; however, that fact does not nullify the obligation of homeless sex offenders not living in a shelter to register. See G. L. c. 6, § 178F 1/2 ; Commonwealth v. Scipione, 69 Mass. App. Ct. 906 , 907 (2007).

As a general matter, "a statute is to be interpreted 'according to the intent of the Legislature ascertained from all its words construed by the ordinary and approved usage of the language, considered in connection with the cause of its enactment, the mischief or imperfection to be remedied and the main object to be accomplished, to the end that the purpose of its framers may be effectuated.' " Commonwealth v. Welch, 444 Mass. 80 , 85 (2005), quoting from Commonwealth v. Galvin, 388 Mass. 326 , 328 (1983). Criminal statutes are construed narrowly; "[w]e must resolve in favor of criminal defendants any reasonable doubt as to [a] statute's meaning." Commonwealth v. Pagan, 445 Mass. 161 , 167 (2005), quoting from Commonwealth v. Kerr, 409 Mass. 284 , 286 (1991).

The statute does not define the term "home address." "[W]here a statute does not define a term, we may interpret it 'in accordance with its generally accepted plain meaning.' " Commonwealth v. Becker, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 81 , 87 (2008), petition for cert. filed (U.S. Aug. 14, 2008) (No. 08-5893), quoting from Commonwealth v. Boucher, 438 Mass. 274 , 276 (2002). "Home" is defined as "one's principal place of residence." Webster's Third New Intl. Dictionary 1082 (2002). The same text defines "residence" as "the act or fact of . . . dwelling in a place for some time" or "the place where one actually lives . . . as distinguished from one's . . . domicile [or] a place of temporary sojourn." Id. at 1931. See Black's Law Dictionary 750, 546 (8th ed. 2004) (defining "home" as "[a] dwelling place" and "dwelling house" as "[t]he house or other structure in which a person lives; a residence or abode").

In construing the term, we also look to other provisions of the same statute for guidance. See Locator Servs. Group, Ltd. v. Treasurer & Receiver Gen., 443 Mass. 837 , 859 (2005), quoting

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from Kargman v. Commissioner of Rev., 389 Mass. 784 , 788 (1983) ("statutes should be interpreted as a whole to constitute a consistent and harmonious provision"). In particular, we consider the meaning of the undefined term "home address" with some reference to the definition of "secondary addresses" provided in the statute. As observed above, "secondary addresses" are those in which a sex offender "routinely lives, abides, lodges, or resides for a period of 4 or more consecutive or nonconsecutive days in any month and which is not a sex offender's permanent address." From that definition, it is apparent that, within the statutory scheme, an offender's "home address" denotes some greater degree of permanence, and a greater frequency of residence, than the transitory (albeit "routine") level of occupancy at a location for four or fewer nights in a month. [Note 11]

That the term implies some degree of permanence is also indicated by the designation of the space furnished on the registration form for an offender's primary address: the applicable space on the form reads "Permanent Address." The form, generated by the board, of course cannot amend the statute. However, the manner in which the form requests information about the offender's home address illuminates to some extent the interpretation of the statute by the administrative agency charged with its enforcement. See Wilson v. Commissioner of Transitional Assistance, 441 Mass. 846 , 851 (2004). [Note 12]

We conclude that the term "home address" in the statute

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refers to an offender's primary place of residence. [Note 13] To the extent that the Commonwealth suggests that an offender's "home address" is wherever the offender sleeps on any particular night, even if on a wholly transitory basis, the suggestion is incompatible with the common usage of the term, the greater frequency assigned under the statute to the lesser category of "secondary addresses," and the implication of some degree of permanence set forth in the form promulgated by the board. [Note 14] As applied to the facts of the present case, it is plain that the evidence at trial was not sufficient to establish that the defendant had changed his home address (or primary residence) from Greenfield to Turners Falls. [Note 15]

Our inquiry does not end with the conclusion that the evidence did not establish that the defendant changed his home address to Turners Falls. As the Commonwealth observes, a violation of the statutory obligation to register can also arise from a defendant's failure to report any secondary addresses, or changes thereto. Here, the term is clearly defined by the statute, and our examination accordingly may compare that definition to the evidence adduced at trial. As summarized above, the evidence established at most that the defendant spent three nonconsecutive nights in July, 2006, at Martinez's apartment in Turners Falls, and (perhaps) an unspecified number of other nights on unspecified dates at the apartment of another (unidentified) person in that town. [Note 16] Since the statute defines secondary addresses to encompass four or more nights (consecutive or nonconsecutive)

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in any month (or fourteen or more nights in any calendar year), the evidence at trial failed to establish a violation of the registration obligation with respect to secondary addresses as well. [Note 17]

We recognize that the circumstances of homeless sex offenders pose particular difficulties for the administration of the sex offender registration statute. In the present case, the registration form completed by the defendant at least placed officials in Montague on notice of the defendant's regular presence in that community, by listing a Montague address as the defendant's mailing address. Nonetheless, the inherently transitory nature of homelessness makes it difficult to apply to homeless sex offenders the same considerations of residence applied to offenders who are not homeless. The difficulties of fitting homeless persons into the statutory scheme are not newly discovered. See Commonwealth v. Rosado, supra; Commonwealth v. Scipione, supra. However, it is not our proper role or function to rewrite the statute to address what may appear to be gaps in its scope or practical operation. See Commonwealth v. Becker, 71 Mass. App. Ct. at 94-96 (Cohen, J., concurring).

The evidence was insufficient as matter of law to support the defendant's conviction. The judgment of conviction is accordingly reversed, the finding is set aside, and the case is remanded for entry of a finding of not guilty.

So ordered.