JOHN DOE, SEX OFFENDER REGISTRY BOARD NO. 16748 vs. SEX OFFENDER REGISTRY BOARD.

CYPHER, J. We are presented with the question whether a regulation promulgated by the Sex Offender Registry Board

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(board) that permits the board to increase a "registered and finally classified sex offender['s]" level of classification, absent conviction of a new sex offense, exceeds the board's authority. See 803 Code Mass. Regs. § 1.37C(1), (3) (2004). We conclude that it does.

Background. In September, 2003, the plaintiff was classified by a hearing examiner of the board as a level two sex offender after his second offense in 2002, for open and gross lewdness, in accordance with G. L. c. 6, § 178K(2)(b). The examiner's decision became the decision of the board, and the plaintiff accepted this final classification without challenge. See G. L. c. 6, §§ 178K(2)(b), 178L(1)(c) & (2). In August, 2009, the plaintiff was charged in District Court with three counts of rape and "breaking and entering." On or about September 26, 2009, the board notified the plaintiff of its intent to reclassify him as a level three sex offender based on this new information pursuant to 803 Code Mass. Regs. § 1.37C(3) (2004). [Note 1] The plaintiff challenged this classification and requested an evidentiary hearing. G. L. c. 6, § 178L. Before the hearing was held, on or

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about December 2, 2009, the Commonwealth entered a nolle prosequi on all of the August, 2009, charges. The board, however, continued to seek the plaintiff's upward reclassification, and an evidentiary hearing was held on December 21, 2009. A police report containing the statements of the alleged rape victim was admitted over objection at the hearing as evidence of the new crimes. The hearing examiner rejected the plaintiff's contention that the new information was based on unreliable hearsay and entered a written decision finding that the plaintiff "now poses a high risk to reoffend and a high degree of dangerousness." [Note 2] The examiner ordered the plaintiff to register as a level three sex offender in accordance with G. L. c. 6, § 178K(2)(c). The examiner's decision became the final decision of the board. G. L. c. 6, § 178L(2). Doe, Sex Offender Registry Bd. No. 3974 v. Sex Offender Registry Bd., 457 Mass. 53, 60 (2010) (Doe, No. 3974).

The plaintiff filed a complaint for judicial review of the board's decision in the Superior Court pursuant to G. L. c. 6, § 178M, and G. L. c. 30A, § 14. He argued that (1) absent a conviction for a new sex offense, the board lacked subject matter jurisdiction over his case; [Note 3] (2) the regulation that permitted an upward reclassification without a new predicate sex offense

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exceeded the board's authority; (3) counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the board's authority under the regulation to increase his classification level absent a new sex offense; (4) the board's decision was improperly based on unreliable hearsay; and (5) the decision was not supported by substantial evidence. The Superior Court judge affirmed the board's decision. The plaintiff appealed and reiterates the claims he presented in Superior Court, adding that "fairness" demands we address his challenge to the regulation.

Resolution of the challenge to the validity of the regulation that permitted the board to increase an offender's classification in the absence of a new sex offense is dispositive of the remaining issues; therefore, we consider it first.

Basis for appellate review. The Commonwealth argues that the plaintiff has waived his right to challenge the validity of the regulation because he failed to raise the issue before the hearing examiner. [Note 4]

Generally speaking, an administrative agency such as the board has only those powers, duties, and obligations expressly conferred on it by statute or reasonably necessary to carry out the purposes for which it was established. Doe, Sex Offender Registry Bd. No. 10800 v. Sex Offender Registry Bd., 459 Mass. 603, 628 (2011) (Doe, No. 10800). The power delegated by the Legislature to an agency does not include the inherent authority to strike down a regulation or declare it void on constitutional grounds such as due process. Duarte v. Commissioner of Rev., 451 Mass. 399, 413-414 (2008). Doe, No. 10800, supra. See

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Borden, Inc. v. Commissioner of Pub. Health, 388 Mass. 707, 722-723, cert. denied sub nom. Formaldehyde Inst., Inc. v. Frechette, 464 U.S. 936 (1983) (a party challenging the validity of a regulation must prove in a judicial proceeding "that the regulation is illegal, arbitrary, or capricious"). Therefore, we conclude that the plaintiff did not waive his claim that the regulation exceeded the scope of the board's authority by failing to present the claim to the board, where the board did not have the inherent authority to strike down the regulation or declare it void. [Note 5]

Decisional law has suggested that such challenges be brought by way of declaratory action. The Massachusetts Administrative Procedure Act (codified in G. L. c. 30A) provides that "unless an exclusive mode of review is provided by law, judicial review of any regulation . . . may be had through an action for declaratory relief" in the Superior Court (emphasis added). [Note 6] G. L. c. 30A, § 7. See G. L. c. 231A. In Doe, No. 10800, supra, the plaintiff directly challenged the constitutionality of regulations that the board must employ to reach a final classification decision and argued that the classification scheme based on those regulations violated his due process rights under both the State and Federal Constitutions. The court reasoned that the board does not have the authority to determine the constitutionality of its regulations and ruled that the plaintiff could only obtain relief through a declaratory action. Id. at 630. According to the court, such action would have afforded both parties a plenary hearing on the legal and factual basis for upholding or striking down the regulations. Ibid.

The statutory language that judicial review "may be had" by declaratory action signals, however, that declaratory relief is permissive, not required. Decisional law further suggests that the phrase is intended to negate any inference that might otherwise be drawn from a different section of the statute (G. L.

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c. 30A, § 14) that only a "final decision of an agency in an adjudicatory proceeding" may be judicially reviewed. Westland Hous. Corp. v. Commissioner of Ins., 352 Mass. 374, 381 (1967). See generally Cella, Administrative Law and Practice § 771 (1986 & Supp. 2011).

Recent decisions support a conclusion that there are, indeed, other avenues to review regulations promulgated by the board. In Commonwealth v. Maker, 459 Mass. 46, 47 (2011), the Supreme Judicial Court transferred a case from the Appeals Court on its own motion in which the trial judge had reported two questions concerning whether a regulation exceeded the statutory authority of the board. The court concluded that the regulation was outside the board's authority and invalidated it. More recently, the Supreme Judicial Court invalidated a regulation challenged in an appeal from a final order of classification that followed the appellate route expressed in the statutory text. Doe, Sex Offender Registry Bd. No. 941 v. Sex Offender Registry Bd., 460 Mass. 336, 341 (2011) (Doe, No. 941). See G. L. c. 6, § 178M; G. L. c. 30A, § 14.

Despite the preference for presenting a challenge to a regulation in a declaratory action, we consider the issue raised in this appeal from a final order of classification. The Commonwealth raised no claim below, or on appeal, that the challenge to the regulation must be presented in a declaratory action. Unlike the situation presented in Doe, No. 10800, supra, where the plaintiff challenged the constitutionality of the regulations underlying the entire classification scheme and the resolution of the issue may well have required a plenary hearing, here, the issue is purely one of statutory interpretation, a quintessential judicial responsibility. See Souza v. Registrar of Motor Vehicles, 462 Mass. 227, 229-230 (2012) ("Because the interpretive question here is purely a legal one, and because 'the duty of statutory interpretation rests ultimately with the courts,' we review the board's interpretation de novo"). The Commonwealth does not contend that any procedural characteristic of a c. 30A administrative appeal makes it a less suitable vehicle than a declaratory judgment action for assessment of the board's authority to adopt the regulation at issue here. We are bolstered in our conclusion that appellate review is appropriate where the parties have

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fully briefed the issue and resolution of the claim will promote judicial economy. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. White, 429 Mass. 258, 265 (1999).

Statutory scheme. In assessing the regulation at issue, an overview of the statute under which it was promulgated will be useful.

"In 1999, the Legislature passed an emergency law, St. 1999, c. 74, formally entitled, 'An Act improving the sex offender registry and establishing civil commitment and community parole supervision for life for sex offenders' (Act). Based on the premise that sex offenders generally pose a high risk of recidivism and, therefore, greatly threaten the safety of the community, see St. 1999, [c. 74,] § 1, the Act sets forth three mechanisms to protect the public from sex offenders." Commonwealth v. Renderos, 440 Mass. 422, 428 (2003). It is the first of those mechanisms with which we are concerned here, namely, the establishment of a Statewide computerized sex offender registry. See G. L. c. 6, §§ 178C-178P. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Maker, supra at 48-49.

The statute subjects all sex offenders in Massachusetts to a comprehensive scheme of classification, registration, and tracking. Id. at 48. "Offenders must register with the board, provide home and work addresses, notify the board of any changes, and verify their information at regular intervals. See G. L. c. 6, §§ 178E-178F 1/2 ." Commonwealth v. Maker, supra at 48-49. "The statute also creates the board and describes its duties. [See G. L. c. 6, § 178K.] The board is empowered to maintain the sex offender registry and create necessary forms; conduct hearings; develop guidelines for classifying offenders and relieving offenders from registration obligations; devise plans to locate offenders; and share offender information with law enforcement and the public. See G. L. c. 6, §§ 178D, 178K. In addition to those specific duties, the board is authorized to 'promulgate rules and regulations to implement the provisions of' the statute. Id. at § 178D." Commonwealth v. Maker, supra at 49.

Under this statutory scheme there is a presumption that sex offenders must register. Commonwealth v. Ronald R., 450 Mass. 262, 264 (2007). The obligation to register is triggered by the conviction of a sex offense, which is a prerequisite to registration.

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G. L. c. 6, § 178D. Qualifying convictions are enumerated in the statute and are defined only in terms of offenses, not underlying conduct. [Note 7] See, e.g., Doe, Sex Offender Registry Bd. No. 151564 v. Sex Offender Registry Bd., 456 Mass. 612, 619 (2010) (Doe, No. 151564) (in assessing whether a conviction for an offense that occurred in Maine was a "like violation," the court held that "[i]t is not sufficient that the offender may have engaged in behavior that falls within one of the crimes listed in the registration statute . . . . The offender must be convicted of a crime of which the elements are the same or nearly the same as one of the listed Massachusetts offenses"). Upon being convicted of a qualifying sex offense, the offender must register with the board. [Note 8] See generally Doe, Sex Offender Registry Bd. No. 8725 v. Sex Offender Registry Bd., 450 Mass. 780, 785, 787 (2008); G. L. c. 6, § 178D.

In addition to the statutory obligations of a sex offender to register, the decisional law of Massachusetts has added that an offender has a liberty and privacy interest protected by the Declaration of Rights of the Commonwealth that entitles him "to procedural due process before he may be required to register and before information may properly be publicly disclosed about him." Doe v. Attorney Gen., 426 Mass. 136, 143 (1997). See Doe v. Police Commr. of Boston, 460 Mass. 342, 346-347 (2011) (same). In other words, the entire process must be "implemented in a fair manner." Doe, Sex Offender Registry Bd. No. 1211 v. Sex Offender Registry Bd., 447 Mass. 750, 761 (2006) (Doe, No. 1211), quoting from Aime v. Commonwealth, 414 Mass. 667, 674 (1993). With respect to the specific obligation to register, the Supreme Judicial Court has noted that an offender's registration requirement "does not occur in a vacuum."

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Doe, No. 1211, supra. Rather, the "sex offender . . . is protected from the risk of erroneous deprivation of liberty by the requirement of having been convicted of, and sentenced on, at least one qualifying" offense. Ibid.

After being required to register, the offender proceeds to a two-step classification process beginning with an initial classification by the board followed by final classification based either on a de novo hearing or on the sex offender's failure to object to the initial classification. [Note 9] Doe, Sex Offender Registry Bd. No. 3844 v. Sex Offender Registry Bd., 447 Mass. 768, 771-772 (2006). Once the hearing examiner has reached a decision (or the sex offender has not objected to the initial recommendation of the board), the decision becomes final and the sex offender has a right of appeal to the Superior Court. See G. L. c. 6, § 178M; G. L. c. 30A, § 14.

Discussion. By permitting the board to reclassify a sex offender on its own initiative, based on subsequent events not resulting in a conviction of a sex offense, and to increase the level of his final classification, the regulation at issue in this case adds a further component to the statutory registration scheme detailed above. See generally 803 Code Mass. Regs. § 1.37C(1), (3); note 1, supra.

There is no question that an administrative agency's duly enacted regulations are entitled to a presumption of validity. Commonwealth v. Maker, 459 Mass. at 49-50. "Regulations are invalid, however, when the agency utilizes powers neither expressly nor impliedly granted by statute. Although we look to the statute as a whole to determine the scope of the agency's power, an agency can exercise only the powers and duties

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expressly conferred upon it by statute and such as are reasonably necessary to carry out its mission." Ibid. (citations and quotations omitted). [Note 10]

Nothing in the statute authorizes the board to reclassify or increase an offender's final classification once it is determined following registration after conviction of a predicate offense. The statute does not delegate expressly, to the board or any other administrative entity, the power to modify upward the final classification determination. Rather, the statute, G. L. c. 6, § 178L, only provides for judicial review of the board's final classification and registration requirements. Nor is this power implied by the board's duties with respect to offender classification. The extensive system created by the statute ensures that the board receives the information it needs prior to determining the offender's final classification.

To the extent that the board receives information (whether suggesting the possibility of another offense, or of some other type) that indicates a classified sex offender "may present an increased risk to reoffend or degree of dangerousness," 803 Code Mass. Regs. § 1.37C(3)(a), the board is only empowered to act if that information shows that the sex offender has been convicted of a new sex offense, the sole trigger under the statute for setting in motion the classification process. In the event a previously classified sex offender is convicted of another sex offense, the statute plainly authorizes the board to commence (or repeat) the classification process.

Absent conviction of one of the specifically enumerated sex offenses in the statute however, the board may not, under the current statutory scheme, act unilaterally and spontaneously to bring an individual within its purview, regardless of how sexually dangerous an individual's behavior may appear or whether the individual has been convicted of a crime that involved sexual misbehavior but is not among the enumerated sex offenses. See Doe, No. 15164, 456 Mass. at 619. Where the initial and final

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classification level must be grounded on a sex offense, the statutory language demands that any basis for initiating subsequent classification proceedings must also be grounded on conviction of a sex offense. See generally Doe v. Attorney Gen., 426 Mass. at 144 (a sex offender "has a liberty and privacy interest protected by the Constitution of the Commonwealth that entitles him to procedural due process"); Doe, No. 1211, 447 Mass. at 761 (registration must be "implemented in a fair manner"); Doe, No. 941, 460 Mass. at 341 (regulation that deems an offender to have waived his classification hearing and bars judicial review exceeds the scope of legislative authority).

The Commonwealth argues that because the board is statutorily required to update the sex offender database, which includes the offender's classification level, the regulation at issue, which permits the board to seek a modification of the offender's classification level, fulfils the board's obligation to update the database. G. L. c. 6, § 178D. In our view, that requirement relates to the various provisions of the statute that separately require registered offenders to notify the board of such matters as a change of address. See, e.g., G. L. c. 6, § 178E(h). The Commonwealth's argument improperly converts the board's purely ministerial task of insuring that the information in the database is accurate to a substantive review of the classification.

The Legislature specified that a sex offender could only be classified upon conviction of a sex offense. Therefore we conclude that the board lacked authority to adopt regulations purporting to authorize it to declare that the classification level could be increased absent conviction of a new sex offense. [Note 11] Given our conclusion that the increase in the plaintiff's classification

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level was not validly obtained, we need not address the other issues raised by the plaintiff.

The judgment affirming the decision of the board is reversed, and the matter is remanded to the board for further proceedings.

So ordered.