COMMONWEALTH vs. JUAN G. SURIEL.

SULLIVAN, J. The defendant, Juan G. Suriel, appeals from his convictions of possession of a firearm without a license in violation of G. L. c. 269, § 10(a), and possession of ammunition without a firearm identification card in violation of G. L. c. 269, § 10(h)(1). [Note 1] He contends that his motion to suppress should have been allowed because the police lacked reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop. We affirm.

Background. We recite the motion judge's factual findings, supplemented by uncontroverted evidence in the record that is consistent with those findings. See Commonwealth v. Edwards,

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476 Mass. 341 , 342 (2017). On November 30, 2013, at about 5:30 p.m., a police officer from the narcotics division of the Springfield police department was surveilling a local barbershop. The narcotics officer was parked across the street from the barbershop, in the parking lot of Springfield Technical Community College on State Street. At around 6:20 p.m., the narcotics officer saw two men go into the barbershop. A short time later, another man, later identified as codefendant Glidden Gotay, went into the barbershop holding a blue bag. The three men were talking by the front door and a fourth man, later identified as the defendant, joined the conversation. The men then went into a back area of the barbershop, out of sight of the narcotics officer. Within a short period of time, the four men came out of the barbershop, walked about ten to fifteen feet down the driveway next to the barbershop, and began to talk. [Note 2] Another man, later identified as codefendant Jose L. Vicente, remained at the head of the driveway near the street and sidewalk. The narcotics officer then saw Gotay hand a gun to one of the two men, who handed it back to Gotay. Gotay next handed the gun to the defendant. The defendant then put the gun inside his jacket. The entire transaction took a matter of seconds.

The men then went their separate ways in separate cars. The defendant drove away in a car (a Saturn), operated by Vicente. While observing the meet-up, the narcotics officer had given support officers a running description of what he saw, including the make, model, color, and license plate of the Saturn.

When support officers spotted the Saturn, they pulled in front of it, positioning the unmarked cruiser so that the Saturn had to stop. When one of the support officers approached the Saturn, he noticed the defendant "looking down to his right, and gesturing feverishly to the right side of his seat with his arm." That officer shouted for the defendant to show his hands. The defendant made eye contact with the officer, while still reaching down to the right side. The support officer continued to approach the Saturn and, with the help of another support officer, "extracted" the defendant from the car. A search of the Saturn revealed a .22 caliber Smith & Wesson firearm in the passenger side compartment and a magazine on the passenger side floorboard.

Discussion. Motion to suppress. "In reviewing a decision on a motion to suppress, 'we accept the judge's subsidiary findings of fact absent clear error "but conduct an independent review of [the

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judge's] ultimate findings and conclusions of law."'" Commonwealth v. Jessup, 471 Mass. 121 , 129 (2015), quoting from Commonwealth v. Scott, 440 Mass. 642 , 646 (2004).

The stop. A stop of a motor vehicle is justified if "the police [have] a reasonable suspicion, based on specific, articulable facts and reasonable inferences therefrom, that an occupant of the . . . [car] had committed, was committing, or was about to commit a crime." Commonwealth v. Alvarado, 423 Mass. 266 , 268 (1996). "An officer's suspicion must be grounded in '"specific, articulable facts and reasonable inferences [drawn] therefrom" rather than on a "hunch."'" Edwards, 476 Mass. at 345, quoting from Commonwealth v. Lyons, 409 Mass. 16 , 19 (1990). Here, a stop in the constitutional sense occurred when the police car pulled in front of the Saturn and stopped it. See Edwards, 476 Mass. at 345.

The defendant contends that the police lacked reasonable suspicion to stop the Saturn based on the surveillance information relayed by the narcotics officer. He points out that there is no evidence in the record to suggest that the location was known to police for illegal gun sales. There was no explanation of the reasons for the surveillance. Similarly, none of the men involved were known to the police. The defendant further contends that the fact that the gun was transferred to the defendant by another does not give rise to reasonable suspicion, because ownership of a gun is not in and of itself illegal. See Alvarado, supra at 269 ("Carrying a gun is not a crime. Carrying a firearm without a license [or other authorization] is"). "The mere possession of a handgun [is] not sufficient to give rise to a reasonable suspicion that the defendant was illegally carrying that gun." Commonwealth v. Couture, 407 Mass. 178 , 183 (1990).

As in Edwards, however, there is more to this case than mere possession of a gun. [Note 3] Here there was a transfer of a gun. The timing of the men's arrival permitted the narcotics officer to infer that the men met by prearrangement. None of the men stayed to get a haircut or for any other reason unrelated to this transaction. After speaking briefly at the back of the barbershop, they left and walked together down a nearby driveway, which was sheltered from view. One man stayed at the head of the driveway. The narcotics officer could infer that he served as a lookout. A gun was passed from hand to hand in a matter of seconds and

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pocketed, followed by a prompt departure by all of the men.

The circumstances of the transfer of the gun give rise to reasonable suspicion, not a mere hunch. The participants chose to leave the barbershop, where what they were doing could be witnessed, and to move outside to a secluded area. They hastily transferred the gun and left immediately. "[T]he officer 'could reasonably infer from the conjunction of these facts that criminal activity might be afoot.'" Edwards, supra at 347, quoting from Commonwealth v. Thompson, 427 Mass. 729 , 734, cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1008 (1998).

The location of the transaction also matters. In this case, the transfer occurred in a driveway in the early evening, not in a building housing a business dedicated to the sale, rental, or lease of firearms during customary business hours. [Note 4] There was reason to suspect that this was not a lawful commercial sale.

The defendant points out that not all sales or transfers must be made by a licensed gun dealer, relying on G. L. c. 140, § 128A. [Note 5] This is undoubtedly true, but the fact that the transfer might have been lawful does not mean that the officers lacked reasonable suspicion that it was not. See Commonwealth v. Rivas,

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77 Mass. App. Ct. 210 , 218 (2010), quoting from Commonwealth v. Deramo, 436 Mass. 40 , 44 (2002) ("[T]he police officer was not required to 'exclude all possible innocent explanations of the facts and circumstances'"). Reasonable suspicion does not mean absolute certitude; it means facts that would cause an officer to draw the reasonable inference that unlawful activity was taking place. See Edwards, 476 Mass. at 347. Those facts were present here.

Considering all of the surrounding circumstances, the officers had reasonable suspicion to believe that the defendant was "participating in a gun [transaction] . . . [and] that the [transaction] was unlawful." Commonwealth v. Rupp, 57 Mass. App. Ct. 377 , 382 (2003). [Note 6]

Judgments affirmed.