JEROME HALL-BREWSTER vs. BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT & another. [Note 1]

SULLIVAN, J. Jerome Hall-Brewster appeals from a Superior Court judgment affirming a decision of the Division of Administrative Law Appeals (DALA), upholding Hall-Brewster's reassignment from detective to patrol officer. On appeal Hall-Brewster contends that he was entitled to notice and a hearing before the reassignment, and that the DALA decision was not supported by substantial evidence. We conclude that under the unique statutory scheme applicable to detectives in the Boston Police Department (BPD or department), see G. L. c. 7, § 4H, Hall-Brewster was entitled to notice and a predeprivation hearing. We also conclude that the DALA decision was supported by substantial evidence. Because the reassignment was properly sustained after a postdeprivation hearing, Hall-Brewster is not entitled to reinstatement or back pay, but is entitled to nominal damages for the violation of his due process right to a predeprivation hearing.

Background. We summarize the facts found by the DALA magistrate. Hall-Brewster joined the BPD in 1995. He achieved a detective rating in 2007, and was assigned to district B-2, covering the Roxbury and Dorchester areas of Boston. His 2013 reassignment to patrol officer arose out of two cases that he investigated in 2011 and 2012.

1. The Mission Hill assault. On October 9, 2011, a pedestrian was assaulted outside a 7-Eleven convenience store in the Mission Hill area of Boston. The next morning, Detective Kevin Pumphret interviewed the victim and took pictures of his injuries. After learning that the store had video surveillance cameras, Pumphret told the victim that he would check if there was any video footage of the assault. Approximately a week later, the victim went to the police station and asked about the status of his case. Pumphret told him that the case had been reassigned to Hall-Brewster. The victim called Hall-Brewster, who at the time was working the night shift, and was unaware that he had been assigned the case. The victim again inquired into the status of his

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case, and told Hall-Brewster that the video footage would only be available at the convenience store for thirty days from the date of the assault. [Note 2]

Hall-Brewster, now "a week or so behind," went to the store and attempted to retrieve the video tape during his evening shift. He spoke with the store clerk, who was unaware of the assault. Hall-Brewster left a message for the store owner to contact him, but the owner did not do so. Hall-Brewster went to the store again, and on October 20, 2011, talked to the store owner by telephone, "who agreed to download the footage and leave it with one of his clerks" for Hall-Brewster to collect. On October 22, 2011, Hall-Brewster returned to the store to pick up the video footage. It was not there.

A few days later, the victim called Hall-Brewster's supervisor, Sergeant Detective Thomas O'Leary, complaining that Hall-Brewster had yet to retrieve the video tape. O'Leary assured the victim that the department would obtain the footage by October 31, 2011, which it did not do. The victim called the department again on November 2, 2011, and spoke to O'Leary's supervisor, Lieutenant Detective Patrick Cullity. Two days later, Cullity told Sergeant Detective Timothy Horan, who worked the day shift, to retrieve the video.

Horan went to the store the next day (November 5, 2011), and learned that the owner "did not have the technical skills necessary to transfer [the] footage to a disc." Horan left a message with Detective Timothy Laham, an investigator in the BPD forensics unit, asking him to make the copies at the store. Laham was on vacation when Horan left the message, but went to retrieve the footage on November 8, 2011. When Laham arrived at the store on November 8, 2011, he was unable to obtain the video because the footage had been taped over five hours before his arrival.

The victim filed a formal complaint against Hall-Brewster and Horan after he learned the footage had been erased. On April 29, 2013, after an approximately one-year delay in investigation, the department's internal affairs (IA) unit sustained the complaint against Hall-Brewster due to his failure to recover the video footage.

2. The Parker Hill incident. Early in the morning on September 28, 2012, a woman was attacked from behind on Parker Hill

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Avenue in Boston. She was "choked to the point of unconsciousness, and robbed of her handbag." When she regained consciousness she had a wallet in her hand containing an identification belonging to one Edwin Alemany. She gave the wallet to the police. Although she did not get a good look at the perpetrator, she described him as six feet tall and of Hispanic descent. Police officers went to the address listed on Alemany's identification, but did not find him there.

Hall-Brewster arrived at the scene after the victim had been taken to the hospital. He examined the scene and sent a Gatorade bottle (bottle), a baseball hat, the wallet, and blood collected from the wallet to the department's crime lab for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing. Hall-Brewster also checked Alemany's criminal record and discovered that he had prior felony convictions. This meant his DNA was in the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) database.

Later the same morning, Cullity told "Hall-Brewster to re-canvass the [crime scene], interview the victim, and look for Mr. Alemany at the address listed on the identification found in the wallet." Neither Hall-Brewster nor his supervising officers, Sergeant Detective Michael Stratton and Cullity, believed there was probable cause to arrest Alemany at this time; they thought the district attorney would require corroboration, although no one contacted the district attorney's office to verify that opinion. Within the next few days Hall-Brewster reinterviewed the victim, revisited the scene, and looked, unsuccessfully, for video cameras. He also "went by the area" of the address indicated on Alemany's identification, but did not see him.

Hall-Brewster did not interview the witness who found the victim after the assault, follow up with the victim again, investigate whether the perpetrator had tried to use the victim's stolen credit cards, or look for Alemany at the other potential addresses provided to him. Had Hall-Brewster interviewed Alemany immediately after the incident, he could have examined him for injuries, questioned him concerning his whereabouts, and asked him why his wallet was at the scene of the incident.

On October 2, 2012, Cullity told Hall-Brewster to go back to Alemany's listed address and use all available resources needed, including overtime, to find Alemany. Hall-Brewster, however, decided not to speak with Alemany until he gathered the results from the DNA tests "for fear of tipping off how little proof the police had of the perpetrator's identity and exposing the victim to

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retaliation if he confirmed that Mr. Alemany was a suspect." Hall-Brewster and his supervisors still assumed that they lacked probable cause to arrest Alemany. No one vetted this assumption with the district attorney.

Emily Ross, the BPD lab criminalist assigned to the case, e-mailed Hall-Brewster on October 5, 2012, asking if the bottle, baseball hat, and wallet belonged to the suspect. Hall-Brewster did not respond because he thought he had been clear that the items were from the suspect. [Note 3] Ross e-mailed Hall-Brewster again on November 9, 2012, and asked him the same question. Hall-Brewster again did not respond, so Ross e-mailed him once more on November 19, 2012, along with his supervisor, Stratton, reiterating her question and this time stating that she could not test the items until she had the information she needed. Stratton responded immediately, acknowledging Ross's e-mail, and later that day, after speaking with Hall-Brewster, e-mailed Ross again, stating that he believed the items were from the suspect. The next morning, Hall-Brewster e-mailed Ross and confirmed that he believed the items were from the suspect and that all three items should be analyzed. On November 21, 2012, Ross submitted only the bottle for DNA testing.

Due to a backlog in the crime lab, the testing was delayed until June of 2013. [Note 4] The laboratory analysis found DNA on the bottle but could not match it with anyone listed in the CODIS database. Hall-Brewster did not ask about the other items he submitted because he assumed that they had been tested. They were not tested at that time. 3. The murder of Amy Lord. The following month, on July 23, 2013, a Hispanic man choked a woman on a street in South Boston. Later the same morning, Amy Lord was kidnapped and murdered in South Boston. Shortly after Lord's death, another woman was stabbed in South Boston. The perpetrator cut himself during the stabbing and sought treatment at a hospital. While at the hospital, the perpetrator was identified as Edwin Alemany, and was charged with Lord's murder. Alemany was

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also charged with the Parker Hill robbery and assault and battery after the baseball hat was tested and revealed a DNA match.

4. Reassignment. When the police commissioner learned of Lord's murder and the fact that Alemany's identification had been found at the scene of the Parker Hill incident, he stated publicly that there had been probable cause to arrest Alemany in 2012 after the Parker Hill incident. Soon after, the commissioner told Deputy Superintendents Kelly Nee and Juan Torres of the department's bureau of investigative services to interview Hall-Brewster and to "determine whether he had a legitimate excuse for not working more diligently to locate Mr. Alemany" after the Parker Hill incident. [Note 5] During that interview, Hall-Brewster stated that he waited for the DNA results to interview Alemany because (1) he believed Alemany could have been another victim, (2) he did not think Alemany actually lived at the address listed on the identification, (3) he had other active, demanding cases that required his attention, (4) he did not recall the e-mails from Ross from the crime lab seeking clarification, (5) he did not believe he had probable cause to arrest Alemany, (6) he wanted to wait for something more "solid," and (7) he did not want to "tip [his] hand" or "expose [the] victim."

The commissioner was not persuaded that Hall-Brewster had reason to ignore Cullity's directive to "find Mr. Alemany." Hall-Brewster could have found Alemany's whereabouts by talking to Alemany's apartment complex manager, searching the "motor vehicle and gang unit databases," or by "perform[ing] a warrant check." Ultimately, the commissioner believed that it was more important to have interviewed Alemany than wait for the reasons given by Hall-Brewster. While reviewing the Parker Hill investigation, the commissioner also learned of the complaint against Hall-Brewster arising out of the Mission Hill incident.

On July 30, 2013, one week after Lord's murder, the commissioner reassigned Hall-Brewster to patrol officer for neglect of duty and poor judgment. [Note 6] The commissioner's decision was

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based on his understanding that Hall-Brewster "had failed to actively seek out Mr. Alemany, despite being told to do so by his supervisors, and had failed to respond to Criminalist Emily Ross's emails," and because he did not recover the video tapes from the Mission Hill convenience store. The commissioner concluded that the two investigations demonstrated a pattern of investigative mistakes, including a failure to take initiative in the investigations. The commissioner also concluded that Hall-Brewster's handling of the Parker Hill case damaged the trust of the public in the police department.

After Hall-Brewster's reassignment to patrol officer, the IA unit conducted an investigation and sustained two counts of neglect of duty and two counts of failing to follow directives and orders. No additional action was taken against Hall-Brewster as a result of that investigation. However, four of Hall-Brewster's supervisors were reprimanded.

Following Hall-Brewster's reassignment, the commissioner received additional information regarding the Parker Hill and Mission Hill investigations. With regard to the Parker Hill investigation, the commissioner originally thought that Hall-Brewster had failed to respond to Ross entirely. He later learned that Hall-Brewster had responded to Ross's last e-mail, albeit after a substantial delay; had planned on interviewing Alemany, but was waiting for the DNA results; and had requested all three items (bottle, baseball hat, and wallet) be tested for DNA. However, the new information did not alter the commissioner's views; he believed that Hall-Brewster should have pursued the lead on Alemany in a more timely manner. With regard to the Mission Hill investigation, the commissioner later learned that Hall-Brewster had visited the convenience store several times in an effort to obtain the video, but nonetheless considered him responsible for the failure to secure the video tape or a copy of it.

DALA decision. Hall-Brewster appealed the commissioner's decision to reassign him to patrol officer to DALA. See G. L. c. 7, § 4H. [Note 7] After a two-day hearing, the magistrate upheld the reassignment.

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The magistrate concluded that Hall-Brewster was not entitled to a predeprivation hearing. He further concluded that even though Hall-Brewster took a number of appropriate steps in the Parker Hill and Mission Hill investigations, he "failed to take the obvious additional steps need[ed] to move the investigations along," in contravention of direct orders.

The magistrate found that Hall-Brewster had gotten the "runaround" from the store owner in the Mission Hill case but failed to take appropriate action to get the video tape before it was destroyed. He also found that the commissioner properly rejected the reasons underlying Hall-Brewster's "conscious decision" not to interview Alemany. By neglecting to interview Alemany, Hall-Brewster gave up the opportunity to see if Alemany was scratched or bruised, to see if he could provide an alibi, and to see if he claimed to be a robbery victim himself. Waiting several months to talk to Alemany let the trail run cold.

The magistrate also found "nonsensical" Hall-Brewster's claim that he did not want to put the Parker Hill incident victim in danger by letting Alemany know that he was being investigated. Either the perpetrator had discarded the victim's wallet, and no longer had the victim's address, or he still had the wallet, in which case he knew her address, and failing to question him left the victim in ongoing danger. In sum, the magistrate found that "[f]ailing to question Mr. Alemany did not help the victim, and it left the investigation at a standstill unnecessarily." The magistrate also found that the commissioner would have made the same decision even if he had fully understood all the facts at the outset, and rejected Hall-Brewster's contention that the commissioner "scapegoat[ed]" him for political reasons.

Chapter 30A review. A judge of the Superior Court affirmed DALA's decision, concluding that Hall-Brewster was not entitled to a predeprivation hearing, that his interview with the two deputy superintendents provided him with sufficient due process, and that the DALA decision was supported by substantial evidence.

Discussion. 1. Standard of review. "We may set aside the [agency's] decision only if 'the substantial rights of any party may have been prejudiced' [because the agency decision] is based on an error of law, unsupported by substantial evidence, or

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otherwise not in accordance with the law." Spencer v. Civil Serv. Comm'n, 479 Mass. 210, 215 (2018), quoting Police Dep't of Boston v. Kavaleski, 463 Mass. 680, 689 (2012). See G. L. c. 30A, § 14 (7). [Note 8] Questions of law are reviewed de novo. Camara v. Attorney Gen., 458 Mass. 756, 759 (2011).

2. Due process. a. Property interest. Under both the United States Constitution and the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, "[t]he threshold issue in a procedural due process action is whether the plaintiff had a constitutionally protected property interest at stake." Perullo v. Advisory Comm. on Personnel Standards, 476 Mass. 829, 840 (2017), citing Mard v. Amherst, 350 F.3d 184, 188 (1st Cir. 2003). Property interests "may derive from existing rules or independent sources, such as State law." Perullo, supra. Hall-Brewster contends that he has a property interest in his detective rating.

A "just cause" standard creates a property interest in continued employment in cases where a public employee has been discharged. See Harris v. Board of Trustees of State Colleges, 405 Mass. 515, 520 (1989). See also Perullo, 476 Mass. at 840. Here, the Legislature chose to expand just cause protection to reassignment from detective to patrol officer in certain police departments. See G. L. c. 7, § 4H; Police Dep't of Boston v. Fedorchuk, 48 Mass. App. Ct. 543, 547 (2000) (Fedorchuk). [Note 9] The just cause standard in G. L. c. 7, § 4H, therefore creates a property interest in Hall-Brewster's detective rating. See Perullo, supra; Harris, supra. [Note 10]

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b. Predeprivation hearing. The question remains whether the property interest in the detective rating created by the just cause provision of G. L. c. 7, § 4H, warrants a predeprivation hearing. [Note 11] The "opportunity for a hearing before [a person] is deprived of any significant property interest" is "'the root requirement' of the Due Process Clause." Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 542 (1985) (Loudermill). We balance three factors in determining what predeprivation process is due: "[f]irst, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government's interest." Gilbert v. Homar, 520 U.S. 924, 931 (1997), quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976).

The property interest in a detective rating is a significant interest that the Legislature has taken care to shield from arbitrary adverse action. This legislative determination guides our analysis. A detective's "interest in retaining his rank is not as compelling as the interest of an employee who is actually fired, as in Loudermill. It is not, however, an insignificant interest. Loss of rank entails a reduction in pay and benefits. As to the risk of an erroneous personnel action, . . . the opportunity for the employee to present his side of the story prior to termination may significantly reduce the risk of . . . erroneous action, . . . [a] risk . . . no more or less serious than it was in Loudermill" (citations omitted). DelSignore v. DiCenzo, 767 F. Supp. 423, 427-428 (D.R.I. 1991) (sergeant had property interest in retaining his rank under town charter and ordinances, and was entitled to predeprivation hearing). See Williams v. Seattle, 607 F. Supp. 714, 720 (W.D. Wash. 1985) (sergeant had property interest in his rank by virtue of city code, and was entitled to predeprivation hearing).

The BPD maintains that Hall-Brewster was not entitled to a predeprivation hearing because (1) the statute does not provide for it, and (2) the government's interest in public safety outweighed Hall-Brewster's interest in remaining a detective while his appeal was heard. The former statement is true as a matter of statute and internal BPD rule, but fails to address the constitutional dimension of the property interest created by the just cause provision in § 4H. "The right to due process 'is conferred, not by

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legislative grace, but by constitutional guarantee. While the legislature may elect not to confer a property interest in [public] employment, it may not constitutionally authorize the deprivation of such an interest, once conferred, without appropriate procedural safeguards.'" Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 541, quoting Arnett v. Kennedy, 416 U.S. 134, 167 (1974) (rejecting "bitter with the sweet" theory that State Legislature may create property interest but simultaneously limit procedural protections). See Williams, 607 F. Supp. at 720.

The BPD's public safety concerns were addressed directly in Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 542-545, which held that a public employee's interest in a predeprivation hearing as a check against an erroneous discharge took precedence over "the governmental interest in the expeditious removal of unsatisfactory employees." In the event "the employer perceives a significant hazard in keeping the employee on the job [pending a predeprivation hearing], it can avoid the problem by suspending [the employee] with pay" (footnote omitted). Id. at 544-545. [Note 12], [Note 13]

We therefore hold that Hall-Brewster had a constitutionally protected interest in his detective rating created by the just cause provision of G. L. c. 7, § 4H, and that he was entitled to a predeprivation hearing. [Note 14]

c. Sufficiency of predeprivation hearings. Hall-Brewster contends that he did not receive a constitutionally adequate predeprivation hearing because he was not given notice of the

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charges against him, provided an explanation of the evidence against him, or given an opportunity to respond to the charges. The BPD claims that Hall-Brewster's interview with Superintendent Deputies Kelly Nee and Juan Torres provided him with notice and evidence of his misconduct, and satisfied all the requisites of due process.

The predeprivation proceeding is "an initial check against mistaken decisions . . . , a determination of whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the charges against the employee are true and support the proposed action." Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 545-546. "The formality and procedural requisites for the hearing can vary, depending upon the importance of the interests involved and the nature of the subsequent proceedings." Id. at 545, quoting Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 378 (1971). The employee must receive, however, "oral or written notice of the charges against him, an explanation of the employer's evidence, and an opportunity to present his side of the story." Loudermill, supra at 546. See Williams, 617 F. Supp. at 721 (police sergeant "was constitutionally entitled . . . to notice of the charge, an explanation of the evidence against him, and an opportunity to respond prior to the Chief's disciplinary decision").

As to notice, Hall-Brewster was given an opportunity to clarify his role in the Parker Hill investigation, but he was told that he was being interviewed as part of an internal inquiry at the request of the commissioner. Moreover, he was not told that he could lose his rating as detective. Nor was he told that his conduct in the Mission Hill case was also under scrutiny. Thus, Hall-Brewster was not given notice of all the charges against him and the possible consequences of the charges. See Cotnoir v. University of Me. Sys., 35 F.3d 6, 11 (1st Cir. 1994) (officials must provide notice of both charges and proposed action, in order to provide "meaningful opportunity to invoke the discretion of the decisionmaker" [citation omitted]). [Note 15]

Nor was Hall-Brewster informed of the evidence against him. As a result, he was not fully able to respond to the charges. See

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Cotnoir, 35 F.3d at 12. An internal investigatory interview is not a hearing. See Worcester v. Civil Service Comm'n, 87 Mass. App. Ct. 120, 125 (2015). In fact, the commissioner made his initial decision to reassign Hall-Brewster to patrol officer based in part on a faulty understanding of what had occurred in both the Mission Hill and Parker Hill investigations. Although the misconceptions were not outcome-determinative, see infra, the factual errors underscore the critical role a predeprivation hearing plays in avoiding erroneous decision-making. Hall-Brewster did not receive a constitutionally adequate predeprivation hearing. See Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 541. Contrast Perullo, 476 Mass. at 841 (employee was not deprived of due process rights because she had notice of disciplinary hearing, knew alleged grounds for discipline imposed, and had ability to appear at hearing prior to termination). [Note 16]

3. Just cause. Hall-Brewster contends that the DALA magistrate's decision upholding the BPD decision to reassign him to patrol officer for just cause was unsupported by substantial evidence because he did not engage in misconduct in either the Parker Hill or Mission Hill investigations, and his reassignment to patrol officer was politically motivated. The BPD argues that DALA's decision was supported by substantial evidence because Hall-Brewster violated a direct order and showed poor judgment

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and a lack of initiative by failing to locate Alemany and to retrieve video footage from the Mission Hill convenience store.

Just cause under § 4H means "substantial misconduct which adversely affects the public interest by impairing the efficiency of the public service" (quotation and citation omitted). Fedorchuk, 48 Mass. App. Ct. at 548-549. "'Substantial evidence' means such evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." G. L. c. 30A, § 1 (6). There was substantial evidence to support the removal of Hall-Brewster's detective rating for just cause. Although Hall-Brewster took a number of steps in both the Parker Hill and Mission Hill investigations, he failed to take additional steps to expedite the investigations, with negative consequences.

The DALA magistrate found that these omissions demonstrated a lack of initiative and a pattern of neglect. Even though Hall-Brewster was on notice that the video tape in the Mission Hill investigation was scheduled for destruction, he failed to secure it. See note 2, supra. The magistrate found that Hall-Brewster disobeyed a direct order to interview Alemany in the Parker Hill case. [Note 17] The commissioner concluded, and the magistrate found, that Hall-Brewster's reasons for failing to fully investigate the Parker Hill incident demonstrated poor judgment, and that the failure to promptly follow up with the crime lab delayed receipt of the DNA results by several weeks. Nor can we say that the commissioner's opinion or the magistrate's finding that Hall-Brewster's actions harmed the public perception of the department lacked support in the record. Hall-Brewster told the deputy superintendents who conducted his initial interview that people recognized him in district B-2 and asked him about the Lord case.

Hall-Brewster further contends that he was "scapegoat[ed]" for Lord's murder, and that the commissioner reassigned him for political reasons. The DALA magistrate explicitly rejected this claim, finding that the commissioner's decision was not politically motivated. It is not for us "to make different credibility choices, or to draw different inferences from the facts found by the [agency]." Houde v. Contributory Retirement Appeal Bd.,

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57 Mass. App. Ct. 842, 851 (2003), quoting Retirement Bd. of Brookline v. Contributory Retirement Appeal Bd., 33 Mass. App. Ct. 478, 480 (1992). "[W]e 'seek[] to uphold the findings of fact made by a hearing officer or examiner based upon the demeanor and credibility of the witnesses whose oral testimony he [or she] has personally observed and evaluated.'" McGuiness v. Department of Correction, 465 Mass. 660, 669 (2013), quoting A.J. Cella, Administrative Law and Practice § 352, at 660 (1986). The decision to remove Hall-Brewster's detective rating was supported by substantial evidence. For the same reason, the magistrate's ultimate conclusions were not arbitrary or capricious.

4. Remedy. Hall-Brewster seeks reinstatement and back wages and benefits. Given our conclusion with respect to the DALA magistrate's just cause determination, Hall-Brewster is not entitled to reinstatement. The reassignment to patrol officer itself is not an injury caused by the due process violation because Hall-Brewster would nonetheless have been reassigned.

The question remains whether Hall-Brewster is entitled to back pay for the violation of his right to a predeprivation hearing. See, e.g., DelSignore, 767 F. Supp. at 429 (awarding back pay for period of time from transfer to patrol officer to postdeprivation hearing, which had not yet occurred). In Carey v. Piphus, 435 U.S. 247, 260 (1978), the United States Supreme Court held that students who were suspended without a predeprivation hearing were not entitled to compensatory damages for injuries caused by their suspensions unless they could prove that they would not have suffered injury if they had been afforded a predeprivation hearing. A similar rule has been applied in public sector employment cases by every United States Court of Appeals to have considered the question of damages due to an adverse job action undertaken without a constitutionally required predeprivation hearing. [Note 18] Where a public employee's termination is justified, the

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employee is entitled only to nominal damages because the employee would have been terminated even if the required hearing had been held. See, e.g., Whalen v. Massachusetts Trial Court, 397 F.3d 19, 29 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 872 (2005) ("A plaintiff's entitlement to more than nominal damages in a procedural due process case turns on whether the constitutional violation -- the failure to provide a pre-termination opportunity to contest termination -- did in fact cause the harm asserted -- the loss of job and related benefits"). [Note 19] With the exception of Alaska, State appellate courts also follow Carey's rationale in public sector employment cases. See Carey, supra. [Note 20]

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Historically, the Supreme Judicial Court has "treated the procedural due process protections of the Massachusetts and United States Constitutions identically." Matter of Powers, 465 Mass. 63, 80 n.18 (2013), quoting Hoffer v. Board of Registration in Med., 461 Mass. 451, 454 n.5 (2012). It is for the Supreme Judicial Court to determine whether a departure is warranted in this case. Treating State and Federal due process protections identically here, Hall-Brewster is entitled to nominal damages only, not to exceed one dollar. See Carey, 435 U.S. at 266-267.

Conclusion. The judgment of the Superior Court is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

So ordered.