COMMONWEALTH vs. JAMES KEARSE.

AGNES, J. After observing the defendant, James Kearse, standing in the vicinity of two other men who engaged in a "quick hand shake," Brigido Leon, an officer in the Boston Police Department's drug control unit (DCU), believed he had observed a hand-

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to-hand drug transaction. Officer Leon radioed other officers to conduct an investigatory stop of the defendant and his companion. As a result of this stop, the defendant was pat frisked twice, which ultimately lead to the discovery of a loaded revolver. [Note 1] Following an evidentiary hearing, a judge of the Superior Court allowed the defendant's motion to suppress the firearm concluding that the stop of the defendant was not constitutionally permissible. A single justice of the Supreme Judicial Court granted the Commonwealth leave to file an interlocutory appeal from that order and transmitted the matter to the Appeals Court. See Mass. R. Crim. P. 15 (a) (2), as amended, 476 Mass. 1501 (2017). Concluding that police did not have reasonable suspicion to stop the defendant in these circumstances, we affirm.

Background. We summarize the facts found by the motion judge. [Note 2] Officer Leon had extensive experience in drug and firearm related investigations. On the afternoon of March 2, 2016, Officer Leon was conducting surveillance with other DCU officers in the area of Talbot and Wales Streets in the Dorchester section of Boston, which he described as a high crime area with frequent stabbings, shootings, and drug activity. [Note 3] While on patrol, Officer Leon observed the defendant with a companion, Domenic Yancy. The judge did not make any findings that the defendant or Yancy were known drug dealers or users, or otherwise known to the police. Officer Leon observed a third unidentified male (third male) "hop a fence," "cut through a yard," and approach the defendant and Yancy on the sidewalk of Wales Street. Yancy and the third male engaged in a "quick hand shake" "as the [d]efendant stood approximately five feet away and looked around." The judge specifically

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found that "[t]he entire encounter lasted less than two to three minutes after which the [third] male went back over the fence and the [d]efendant and Yancy walked back through Franklin Field Park." The judge also found that no interaction took place between the defendant and the third male "and no additional evidence presented relating to any interaction between [the defendant] and Yancy either before or after the quick handshake."

Believing that he had observed a hand-to-hand drug transaction between Yancy and the third male, Officer Leon radioed other officers to stop Yancy and the defendant. Minutes later, five to six uniformed and plain-clothed officers arrived to stop the defendant and Yancy a short distance away. Unknown to Officer Leon, the responding officers pat frisked the defendant and Yancy prior to Officer Leon's arrival. No weapons or contraband were discovered as a result of these patfrisks. When Officer Leon arrived, both the defendant and Yancy were unrestrained. Officer Leon had a conversation with Yancy during which Yancy told police he had marijuana on him and gave a statement about where he was coming from that was not consistent with what Officer Leon had just observed.

During the conversation with Yancy, the defendant was standing twenty to twenty-five feet away. At this time, Officer Leon observed the defendant move his body in such a way that he believed, based on his extensive training and experience, that the defendant might be concealing a gun. His observations included that the pocket of the defendant's "coat was sagging as if it contained something heavy," that the defendant would "side-step" or reposition himself when an officer was near him, and that the defendant was "checking himself" by patting himself in a manner consistent with a person carrying a firearm without a holster. After making these observations, Officer Leon proceeded to pat frisk the defendant over the defendant's black puffy coat. Because he was unable to accomplish a patfrisk of the defendant due to his bulky layers, Officer Leon unzipped the defendant's coat and pat frisked over the defendant's sweatshirt. At this time, Officer Leon "felt a hard object that he immediately knew was the butt of a gun. [Officer Leon] lifted up the defendant's sweatshirt and saw a revolver."

Discussion. 1. The stop. "In reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, we accept the judge's findings of fact absent clear error but conduct an independent review of his ultimate findings and conclusions of law." Commonwealth v. Montoya, 464 Mass. 566,

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576 (2013). An investigatory stop is permitted only where police have "reasonable suspicion that the person seized has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime." Commonwealth v. DePeiza, 449 Mass. 367, 371 (2007). See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21 (1968). Reasonable suspicion "must be grounded in 'specific, articulable facts and reasonable inferences [drawn] therefrom rather than on a hunch.'" DePeiza, supra, quoting Commonwealth v. Scott, 440 Mass. 642, 646 (2004). "Reasonable suspicion is measured by an objective standard, . . . and the totality of the facts on which the seizure is based must establish 'an individualized suspicion that the person seized by the police is the perpetrator' of the crime under investigation." Commonwealth v. Meneus, 476 Mass. 231, 235 (2017), quoting Commonwealth v. Warren, 475 Mass. 530, 534 (2016). See Commonwealth v. Hilaire, 92 Mass. App. Ct. 784, 790-791 (2018). The test is not whether the officer is acting in good faith. Commonwealth v. Grandison, 433 Mass. 135, 139 (2001). Rather, "[t]he test is an objective one." Commonwealth v. Bacon, 381 Mass. 642, 643 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Silva, 366 Mass. 402, 406 (1974). In particular, a police officer's suspicion that a crime has occurred will not be regarded as reasonable under art. 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, unless "[t]hat suspicion [is] grounded in specific, articulable facts and reasonable inferences [drawn] therefrom rather than on a hunch" (quotation omitted). Warren, supra at 534. "We have no hard and fast rule governing the required level of particularity [of a description]; our constitutional analysis ultimately is practical, balancing the risk that an innocent person . . . will be needlessly stopped with the risk that a guilty person will be allowed to escape." Commonwealth v. Lopes, 455 Mass. 147, 158 (2009). Furthermore, "[d]uring a stop for which there is constitutional justification, . . . a patfrisk is permissible only where an officer has reasonable suspicion that the suspect is armed and dangerous." Commonwealth v. Torres-Pagan, 484 Mass. 34, 36 (2020).

Based on these principles and an examination of similar cases, we conclude that Officer Leon's observations failed to establish reasonable suspicion that the defendant was engaged in criminal activity when the order to stop him was given by Officer Leon. The Commonwealth does not dispute that the defendant was stopped, in the constitutional sense, when the five to six officers stopped and pat frisked him in response to Officer Leon's radio broadcast. As we must determine whether reasonable suspicion

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existed based on the information developed by police by that time, see Commonwealth v. Matta, 483 Mass. 357, 360 (2019), the timing of the stop constrains us to exclude from consideration the crucial facts that Officer Leon later discovered Yancy was lying about his whereabouts before the stop and Officer Leon's later observation that the defendant appeared to be carrying a gun.

In addition to presence in a high crime area, the only factors identified by Officer Leon that are relevant to whether the reasonable suspicion standard was met are the following: (1) during the afternoon hours an unidentified third male hopped over a fence and cut through a yard; (2) Yancy and that male engaged in a "quick hand shake" that Officer Leon believed to be a drug transaction while the defendant stood nearby, looked around, but did not interact with the third male or with Yancy; and (3) after several minutes, the third male departed back over the fence and the defendant and Yancy walked back through Franklin Field Park.

A quick hand shake in a high crime area between individuals unknown to the police, even when viewed by an experienced investigator, standing alone, does not provide more than a hunch that a drug transaction occurred, and certainly no more than a hunch that a person standing near the individuals who engaged in the hand shake was a participant in criminal activity. See Meneus, 476 Mass. at 238 (simply because activity occurred in high crime area does not for that reason mean that activity was suggestive of criminal activity; inference that criminal activity is underway must meet objective standard of reasonableness). As we observed in Commonwealth v. Ellis, 12 Mass. App. Ct. 476, 477 (1981), "[t]here was no evidence to color the transaction." In Ellis, we concluded that evidence that a police officer observed several people conversing through the window of the vehicle while it was in a parking lot, one of the individuals passing some paper money into the vehicle, and one of the occupants of the vehicle giving something to this individual, was not sufficient to constitute reasonable suspicion that a drug transaction had occurred. Id. Similarly, in Commonwealth v. Clark, 65 Mass. App. Ct. 39, 40-41 (2005), a police officer driving past a bar observed a person he knew to be a bartender at a different bar walk over to the defendant, who was unknown to the officer. It was 11:20 p.m. in a high crime area. The officer saw the defendant hand "an unidentified item" to the other man, and then observed the defendant counting money. In concluding that these observations did not

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justify the subsequent stop of the defendant, we noted that "[a]part from the fact that the general area was known to be a high crime area, there is nothing in this record to suggest the officer had any specific information suggesting that a drug sale was likely to occur at this location." Id. at 44. The facts before us in this case are distinguishable from other cases such as Commonwealth v. Kennedy, 426 Mass. 703, 708-711 (1998), and Commonwealth v. Santaliz, 413 Mass. 238, 241-242 (1992), in which justification for an arrest or a stop existed because "the 'silent movie' observed by an experienced narcotics investigator reveal[ed] a sequence of activity consistent with a drug sale." Commonwealth v. Freeman, 87 Mass. App. Ct. 448, 452 (2015).

It is not necessary in cases such as this that the police officer observe an exchange of items or actually see drugs or cash, but it is necessary that the observations by the police occur in a factual context that points to criminal activity. See Commonwealth v. Levy, 459 Mass. 1010, 1011 (2011). Contrast Commonwealth v. Hernandez, 448 Mass. 711, 714 (2007) (reasonable suspicion existed where, prior to shaking hands, police observed defendant pacing back and forth in high drug trafficking area before giving person item hidden in his shoe). Indeed, "other than the normal social intercourse that occurs with some frequency on the streets of Boston's neighborhoods, nothing [the officer observed] supports the claim of conduct consistent with a drug transaction." Commonwealth v. Ilya I., 470 Mass. 625, 631 (2015).

The fact that Officer Leon was an experienced drug investigator, while relevant to an assessment of reasonable suspicion, is not a substitute for details about how drug transactions occur based on that experience. Compare Commonwealth v. Gomes, 453 Mass. 506, 511-512 (2009) (experienced drug investigator observed person who participated in hand-to-hand exchange of something also ingest something that was in his hand as police approached; officer explained that "drug dealers and users often ingested drugs to prevent the recovery of evidence"). Subjecting a quick handshake, without more, to the scrutiny of a nonconsensual police encounter is not consistent with the reality that "law-abiding citizens live and work in high-crime areas. Those citizens are entitled to the protections of the Federal and State Constitutions, despite the character of the area." Id. at 512, quoting Commonwealth v. Holley, 52 Mass. App. Ct. 659, 663 (2001). See Meneus, 476 Mass. at 238.

In addition, we note that this is not a case where "the aggregation of otherwise innocent activities may give rise to reasonable

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suspicion." Commonwealth v. Stephens, 451 Mass. 370, 385 (2008). Here, the third male's hopping a fence to meet Yancy and the defendant standing nearby did not meaningfully add to the calculus. Contrast id. at 384 (reasonable suspicion existed where defendants followed "'the precise script of the typical illegal narcotic transaction' in that area of Lawrence: . . . i.e., had met at a parking lot in an area known for illicit drug dealing and moved to a 'more remote location' to complete the illegal transaction"). Nor is this a case where a participant to the alleged drug transaction was known to police. Contrast Commonwealth v. Sanders, 90 Mass. App. Ct. 660, 665 (2016) (concluding police officer could have inferred person who reached hand into vehicle window was engaged in drug transaction "with the addition of the remaining and critically important factor that the defendant was known to the officer as a person who previously had been arrested for distributing cocaine"). Contrast also Commonwealth v. Stewart, 469 Mass. 257, 261 (2014) (reasonable suspicion existed where officer knew defendant had been arrested on drug distribution charge three years earlier in same area and observed "three persons follow[] the defendant down a narrow street often used by drug users, with [a] woman counting currency as she walked, and then all four huddled briefly together in a doorway, before they dispersed"); Freeman, 87 Mass. App. Ct. at 449 (probable cause standard established "[b]ased on the investigator's observation of two men on a street corner counting money, one of whom was known to be a drug user, the nature of the exchange that took place moments later between one of those two men and the defendant, and the location in which the events took place").

Instead, we view this case as close to, but even less compelling than, Clark, 65 Mass. App. Ct. at 44, where an experienced officer witnessed the defendant, who was not a known drug dealer or user, standing outside a bar at approximately 11:20 p.m. in a high drug area. A different man, also not a known drug user, later came out of the bar and approached the defendant, who handed him "an item," and after which the defendant was observed counting money. Id. There, we held that reasonable suspicion was lacking where, apart from the general high crime nature of the area, there was nothing "to suggest the officer had any specific information suggesting that a drug sale was likely to occur at this location" and "the officer did not suspect that criminal activity was afoot due to any furtive or unusual movements by the defendant or anyone else who interacted with him." Id. at 44-45.

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Here, by contrast, the encounter took place in the afternoon and there was no observation of an item being passed, or money being counted.

While the police undoubtedly could have continued their investigation by way of continued observation or a field interrogation observation, [Note 4] see Commonwealth v. Murphy, 63 Mass. App. Ct. 11, 17 (2005), an immediate, nonconsensual stop of this defendant was not constitutionally justified.

2. The frisk. Even if we concluded that Officer Leon's observations were sufficient to constitute reasonable suspicion that the defendant was a participant in a drug transaction, there was no evidence at the point when he was first pat frisked that the defendant was armed. "The only legitimate reason for an officer to subject a suspect to a patfrisk is to determine whether he or she has concealed weapons on his or her person." Torres-Pagan, 484 Mass. at 39. [Note 5]

3. Suppression. The Commonwealth argues that even if the first patfrisk was impermissible, evidence discovered as a result of the later patfrisk should not be suppressed because it was discovered independent of any prior illegality. However, the second patfrisk exploited information obtained as a result of the initial stop. [Note 6] This proposition is not disputed by the Commonwealth, and there was no intervening event that broke the chain of causation. Having concluded that the initial stop was not justified by reasonable suspicion that a crime had been, was, or was about to be committed, the evidence was properly suppressed.

Order allowing motion to suppress affirmed.

Order denying motion to reconsider affirmed.