GEORGE WHEATLAND v. CITY OF BOSTON.

Sheldon, J. The plaintiffs action was brought more than seven months after the last one of the payments made by him to the defendant on account of the assessments laid by the street commissioners for the construction of Ivy and Mountfort Streets. It is provided by R. L. c. 13, § 86, as follows: "No action to

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recover back a tax shall be maintained, except as provided in section seventy-three, unless it is commenced within three months after payment of the tax nor unless such tax is paid either after an arrest of the person paying it, a levy upon his goods, a notice of a sale of his land, a protest in writing signed by him, or a withholding of money due to him under the provisions of section eighty-one." The defendant contends that by reason of this statutory inhibition the action cannot be maintained.

It is to be observed that this is not a mere statute of limitations. It establishes certain conditions precedent to the maintaining of an action to recover back a tax. One of these is in substance that the payment must have been made under protest or under certain modes of compulsion mentioned in the statute; the other is that the action shall have been brought within the time specified. Compliance with the latter of these conditions is no less essential to the right of action than compliance with the former. In this respect the statute is like that considered in McRae v. New York, New Haven, & Hartford Railroad, 199 Mass. 418. And this consideration is fatal to the plaintiff's case, unless we can adopt his contention that the statute does not apply to the prosecution of his claim. He rests this contention upon two grounds: First, that the provisions of the statute are not applicable to any tax or assessment which was laid under an unconstitutional statute, and which must be regarded as merely void; and secondly, that special assessments, such as are here in question, are not taxes within the meaning of that word as used in this statute.

1. The plaintiffs first contention is that the statute imposes conditions upon the bringing of actions in which it is sought to recover back taxes which are invalid by reason of some irregularity in the assessment, or because the person from whom the collection was made was not bound to pay the tax by reason of non-residence, or because some one of the purposes for which the tax was levied was improper, or by reason of some other similar irregularity. But he contends that a tax levied under an unconstitutional statute, being merely void, is no tax at all, and accordingly does not come within the words of a statute which provides for the collection of taxes and regulates the

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right to recover back taxes which have been collected without right. But exactly the contrary of this contention was held in principle in Barrett v. Cambridge, 10 Allen 48. The plaintiff in that case sought to recover back the amount of an assessment laid upon him for the grading of a street under a statute which was afterwards adjudged to be unconstitutional. He had paid the assessment upon demand to avoid proceedings against his property, although no process had then issued. It was held that he could not maintain his action because his payment must be deemed to have been voluntary under the laws regulating the collection of taxes. This was accordingly in reality an adjudication that the laws regulating the recovery back of a tax were applicable to an action for the recovery of a special assessment like that which is now before us levied under an unconstitutional statute. The same principle was applied in Knowles v. Boston, 129 Mass. 551. The assessment in that case was not indeed laid under an unconstitutional statute, but it was imposed by a board which had no jurisdiction to act in the matter and was as truly void as if it had been laid without any authority of law or under an unconstitutional act. But relief was refused to the plaintiff because he had not complied with the requirements of the statute then in force (Gen. Sts. c. 12, § 56), regulating the right to sue for the recovery back of taxes. It is especially illegal, invalid or void taxes which may be recovered back from a city or town in an action of contract. Dorr v. Boston, 6 Gray 131. Goodrich v. Lunenburg, 9 Gray 38. Gerry v. Stoneham, 1 Allen 319. Loud v. Charlestown, 99 Mass. 208. Smith v. Boston, 194 Mass. 31. And it would seem to follow that a statute like this must prevent, after the lapse of the specified time, an action to recover back a tax which is void because laid under an unconstitutional statute as much as a tax which is void or can be avoided for any other reason.

Nor do we find anything in Dexter v. Boston, 176 Mass. 247, White v. Gove, 183 Mass. 333, or Smith v. Boston, 194 Mass. 31, to sustain this contention of the plaintiff. In Dexter v. Boston and Smith v. Boston no contention was made that the actions were not seasonably brought. The statements in these two cases that the assessments were absolutely void because they

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were made under an unconstitutional statute and stood as if there had been no statute, showed the reason for giving a right of action; but it appeared or was assumed in each case that the statutory preliminaries to the enforcement of this right of action had been fully complied with, and the court made no intimation that the plaintiffs in those cases were not bound to comply with all the requirements of the statute. And we do not doubt that if this plaintiff had followed the course taken in White v. Gove, ubi supra, and allowed his lands to be sold for the payment of the assessments, he might have avoided the title of a purchaser at such sale. He preferred, however, to pay the assessments and sue to recover them back. Just as, if he had chosen to allow his lands to be sold for the assessments, he would have lost them if he had failed to bring suit for their recovery within the prescribed period of limitations and in the manner required by law, so his right to maintain this action must depend upon his compliance with the conditions imposed by the statute upon that remedy.

2. But the plaintiff further contends that these assessments were not taxes within the meaning of R. L. c. 13, § 86; that this statute applies simply to actions for the recovery back of ordinary municipal taxes imposed for the general purpose of raising a revenue for the general public necessities, and does not include special assessments for merely local improvements such as are here in question. He has referred us to many decisions made under the constitutions or laws of other States, in which the limited meaning for which he contends has been applied to the words "tax," "taxes" or " taxation," when used in certain connections in those constitutions and statutes. See for example Illinois Central Railroad v. Decatur, 147 U. S. 190; Galveston v. Guaranty Trust Co. 107 Fed. Rep. 325; Sharp v. Speir, 4 Hill 76; Herrman v. Guttenberg, 33 Vroom 605; Pray v. The Northern Liberties, 31 Penn. St. 69; Mayor & City Council of Baltimore v. Green Mount Cemetery, 7 Md. 517; Thompson v. Detroit, 114 Mich. 502; Lamar Water & Electric Light Co. v. Lamar, 128 Mo. 188; Mayor & Aldermen of Birmingham v. Klein, 89 Ala. 461; Charnock v. Fordoche Levee Dist. Co. 38 La. Ann. 323; Sanders v. Brown, 65 Ark. 498; Hines v. Leavenworth, 3 Kans. 186; Chambers v. Satterlee, 40 Cal. 497; Smith v. Farrelly, 52 CaL 77; Denver v. Knowles, 17 Col. 204;

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Higgins v. Bordages, 88 Texas 458; Allen v. Galveston, 51 Texas 302. And it is true that although the power to lay assessments of this kind is an exercise of the taxing power and such an assessment is included in the word "tax" used in a broad sense, yet they ordinarily are not spoken of as taxes. Bridgeport v. New York, New Haven, & Hartford Railroad, 36 Conn. 255. State v. Newark, 3 Dutch. 185, 190. Pettibone v. Smith, 150 Penn. St. 118. Washington Avenue, 69 Penn. St 352, 359, 360. Adler v. Whitbeck, 44 Ohio St. 539. City Council of Augusta v. Murphy, 79 Ga. 101. Peoria v. Kidder, 26 Ill. 351. Chicago v. Larned, 34 Ill. 203. Weeks v. Milwaukee, 10 Wis. 242. Peay v. Little Rock, 32 Ark. 31.

But the question is as to the meaning of the word "tax" in our own statute, and we cannot gain much assistance from the decisions above referred to. This section is found in a chapter which deals with the collection of ordinary city and town taxes; and this circumstance is relied on by the plaintiff. But it is also provided in R. L. c. 50, § 10, that these assessments "shall constitute a lien upon the land assessed and shall be enforced in the manner provided for the collection of taxes." And see St. 1902, c. 521, § 1. This would seem to make the general rules prescribed in R. L. c. 13, applicable to the collection of these assessments. And § 86 of the latter chapter manifestly deals with the final collection of taxes, and prima facie, therefore, must be taken to have been intended to cover the recovery back of assessments as well as of ordinary taxes. And this court has so dealt with the matter, by applying the same rules to actions for the recovery back of both species of taxes. Barrett v. Cambridge, 10 Allen 48, and Knowles v. Boston, 129 Mass. 551, already referred to. And in other decisions of this court the collection of these assessments and their recovery back have been treated as coming under the same rules as in the case of other taxes. Such assessments were called a mode of taxation and sustained as such in Dorgan v. Boston, 12 Allen 223, 234. See also Wright v. Boston, 9 Cush. 233; Prince v. Boston, 111 Mass. 226, 231; Bigelow v. Boston, 123 Mass. 50, 52. Exemption from liability to such assessments has been discussed and decided upon the same principles that regulate exemption from ordinary taxation, either upon direct statutory provisions

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or upon the general principles which are applicable alike to every mode of taxation. Harvard College v. Aldermen of Boston, 104 Mass. 470. Boston v. Boston & Albany Railroad, 170 Mass. 95, 98, and cases cited.

We are of opinion that it was the intention of the Legislature to include taxes or assessments of this kind under the general language of R. L. c. 13, § 86; and it follows that on the agreed facts judgment must be entered for the defendant.

So ordered.