JAMES O'BRIEN vs. BOSTON ELEVATED RAILWAY COMPANY. TIMOTHY O'BRIEN vs. SAME.

RUGG, C. J. This is a petition to establish the truth of exceptions alleged to have been taken by the Boston Elevated Railway Company in two actions against it by James O'Brien and Timothy O'Brien. The petition was referred to a commissioner, whose report forms the basis of this judgment.

1. The regularity of a peremptory challenge to a juror was questioned. Twelve jurymen had been called to take their seats in the usual way. The plaintiffs challenged one, whose place was filled by calling another. The clerk then asked the defendant to exercise its right of challenge, and the defendant challenged one juror, whose place likewise was filled by calling another. Thereafter the plaintiffs were permitted to challenge another of the original twelve, against the objection and exception of the defendant, which urged that the plaintiffs had accepted the panel, and could challenge only the jurymen called to fill the place of the one previously challenged. The evidence was conflicting as to what occurred afterwards respecting this exception, which had been

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seasonably saved. The certificate of the presiding judge [Note p279-1] was: "There had been no previous order by the court as to the manner in which counsel should proceed as to challenges and no request made by counsel for such previous order. Subsequent to the defendant's taking an exception, the defendant's counsel announced to the court that he had read the case of Commonwealth v. White, 208 Mass. 202, and he was satisfied that the presiding justice was right and that he [defendant's counsel] was wrong, so that there was nothing in his exceptions. The presiding justice understood from that that his exception was waived." The commissioner found that upon all the evidence the petitioner failed to sustain the burden of proof necessary to establish the truth of the exception, although he further found that it did not intend to waive the exception.

Under all these circumstances, the exception is not established. A deliberate statement by an attorney that he is satisfied that there is nothing in an exception saved by him commonly must be taken to mean, in the absence of some qualifying reservation, that the exception is waived. This follows from the nature of his duty to the court and the character of his oath of office. It is not necessary to determine whether the case at bar is distinguishable in any material aspect from Commonwealth v. White, supra.

2. The actions were for personal injuries and consequential damages alleged to have been caused through the negligence of a conductor in charge of a car of the defendant. This conductor at the time of the trial was serving a sentence in the State Prison, having been convicted, subsequently to the accident, of assault with intent to kill his wife. This fact was disclosed in the opening by the defendant's counsel. The conductor was called as a witness, and his conviction of the crime was shown for the purpose of affecting his credibility. The counsel for the defendant, in his closing argument to the jury, stated in substance that, although the crime appeared to be a serious one on its face, and although the facts surrounding it could not be shown in evidence, yet it might have been committed under circumstances which would not much affect the weight to be given to the testimony of the convict, or his character for truthfulness. He then suggested a supposititious case to illustrate this argument. Upon objection

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by counsel for the plaintiffs, the judge refused to allow him to proceed on that line of argument, and "ruled that no reference whatever to the conviction could be made by counsel for the defendant by way of contradiction or explanation of the case, except as to moral turpitude involved, or to say that the conviction of the witness was to be used by the jury simply as bearing upon his credibility." To this ruling exception was taken, and this exception is established on the report of the commissioner. It is to be considered, although the other portions of the petition are not established. Clemens Electrical Manuf. Co. v. Walton, 173 Mass. 286, 296.

The ruling of the trial judge means that the counsel was precluded from illuminating his argument by hypothetical instances in which the moral turpitude involved might be minimized. This was erroneous. The record of the conviction of any witness for the commission of any felony is admissible in evidence for the purpose of affecting his credibility. The weight of such evidence against the truthfulness of the witness may depend to an appreciable extent upon the degree of moral depravity involved in the crime itself. No evidence is competent to explain the circumstances of the particular crime. The guilt of the witness cannot be tried afresh, and the record of conviction must stand. This rule of law rests upon practical as well as technical considerations. Lamoureux v. New York, New Haven, & Hartford Railroad, 169 Mass. 338. But arguments of counsel concerning the weight which should be given to conviction of crime stand upon a different basis. It is permissible for them to magnify or palliate the moral degradation which as matter of sound judgment ought to be regarded as commonly accompanying the commission of the particular crime involved. Counsel may do this in any reasonable way. Drama, literature and history may be drawn upon for analogies. Facts within the knowledge of the advocate may be interwoven with fictitious inventions to point the argument. Illustrations wrought out of the fancy and enforced by imaginary occasions may be resorted to in the endeavor to show how far the veracity of a witness may be disconnected from other ethical qualities. Scrupulous care must be had not to suggest, directly or indirectly, anything from which it might be inferred that the facts of the particular case or of any case are being stated. Neither by too much protestation, innuendo, insinuation or any other device can it be

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intimated to the jury that actual facts are being used. Any departure from propriety in this regard should be rigorously dealt with by the judge. But so long as the argument is confined to hypothesis and imagery, it is within the right of counsel. Commonwealth v. Brownell, 145 Mass. 319. Commonwealth v. Maddocks, 207 Mass. 152, 158. In principle, it makes no difference whether actual facts or purely fanciful representations are used, or whether the two are combined. They cannot be stated as facts, but they must be employed avowedly and alone as hypotheses or suppositional illustrations, and cannot be presented in any other guise. It is possible that an exception to this broad statement of the rule may arise in an extraordinary instance of great public interest so widespread as to be matter of common knowledge.

Exceptions sustained.

C. Brewer, for the defendant.

R. H. Sherman, for the plaintiffs.