SPRINGFIELD NATIONAL BANK vs. JOHN T. JEFFERS

WAIT, J. The note sued upon in this action is practically

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identical with that dealt with in City National Bank v. Adams, ante, page 239, decided this day. We, therefore, need not discuss whether it is rendered nonnegotiable by the provisions which it contains with regard to collateral security. It is negotiable. The material question here presented is whether the case should have been submitted to the jury on the issue of payment. The exceptions to the admission of evidence have not been argued and we treat them as waived.

There was evidence that the note was given for value on July 3, 1925, by the defendant, the maker, to the Eastern States Warehouse and Cold Storage Company, payable on demand to its order; and, on the same day, was indorsed by the warehouse company and delivered to the plaintiff. For many years the warehouse company had been a borrower from the plaintiff, to which it delivered, as collateral security for the company's notes, other notes of its customers made payable to its' order at its place of business in Springfield. The company obtained these notes in a course of business by which it made loans to customers on deposit of goods in its warehouse; took their notes with a warehouse receipt for the goods as security; and, from time to time, as they withdrew goods, received payment, and was supposed to indorse the amounts on the notes or, if full payment was made, to return the note to the maker. It indorsed and delivered such notes with their collateral to the plaintiff as collateral for its indebtedness, taking from the bank a receipt for the notes and leaving with it a copy of the receipt. From time to time it withdrew notes and substituted others, or made payments by its own check, and requested indorsements of payments on specific notes or the return of specified notes. The plaintiff did as requested; and never made any examination of the customer's accounts or of the goods deposited. It knew the course of business pursued by the company. It never notified the customers of the assignments. It never received payments directly from a customer of the company. All payments to the bank were made by the company's check; but that check might be accompanied by requests for delivery of customers' notes or for indorsements to be made

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upon them, totalling the amount of the check. Upon the note here in question, the bank, at the request of the company, made eleven indorsements of payments between October 17, 1925, and May 21, 1926, amounting to $4,950, which left an apparent balance of $450 still due. It was agreed that the maker had paid the entire amount of the note with interest to the company, but, if anything were due on the note, it was $450, with interest from May 21, 1926. The maker knew nothing of the company's transactions with the plaintiff, he was ignorant of the indorsement and delivery of his note, and the transfer of the warehouse certificate; he did not ask to see either as he took out the goods and made the necessary payments until, when he made the last payment and took the last of his goods, he asked for the note. The company then said it would send it to him later, or made some similar reply. We disregard the statement in the defendant's brief that the warehouse receipt delivered to the bank bore date August 3, and was numbered C.7473 although the note was dated July 3 and recited the number as 7473, because this does not appear in the bill of exceptions.

A holder for value in due course of a negotiable promissory note is under no obligation to give notice to the maker that the note has been indorsed and transferred by the payee. Colorado Title & Trust Co. v. Childers, 241 Fed. Rep. 631. Skip v. Hook, 2 Comyns, 562. Reynolds v. Davies, 1 B. & P. 625.

The maker, by the words of the note, has agreed to pay to the order of the payee; and, if he makes a payment, is bound to see that it is made to the holder of the note. Wilbour v. Turner, 5 Pick. 526. Wheeler v. Guild, 20 Pick. 545. Murphy v. Barnard, 162 Mass. 72, 79. Connell v. Kaukauna, 164 Wis. 471. In ordinary circumstances he can assure himself on this point only by seeing the note. See Freeman v. Boynton, 7 Mass. 483, 486. Wyoming County Bank v. Nichols, 101 West Va. 553. The law provides that the instrument must be exhibited to the person from whom payment is demanded and when it is paid must be delivered to the party paying it. G. L. c. 107, § 97. This, we think, must be taken to be common knowledge among merchants;

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and when the note is not exhibited so that a partial payment may be indorsed upon it or that it may be destroyed if full payment is accepted, where money passes between maker and payee, an inference is justified that no payment on the note is intended; and a rule of law is warranted that evidence of that passing of money is not admissible against a holder subsequent to the payee. Whittier v. Eager, 1 Allen 499. Nor do we think that a demand for exhibition of the note which is not complied with, however accounted for, enables the maker to introduce, against any holder in due course subsequent to the payee, evidence of payment of money to any one except the holder, or his agent, as proof of payment of the note. The provision of our statute that a negotiable instrument is discharged by any act which will discharge a simple contract for the payment of money (G. L. c. 107, § 142, cl. 4) has no application in such circumstances. Union Trust Company v. McGinty, 212 Mass. 205.

We see nothing in this evidence which proves payment as against the plaintiff, unless the warehouse company was authorized as its agent to accept payment. The plaintiff was not informed by the course of business whether the amounts which it indorsed came from the company or from its customers. It did not know what was received from the customer by the company. All that it knew was that it was asked to return a particular piece of collateral or to indorse an amount fixed by the company upon a note received from a customer. The money may or may not have come originally from that customer. In granting the request it was not dealing with the customer. The evidence is uncontradicted that the defendant customer knew nothing of the company's dealings with the plaintiff. There is no estoppel against the plaintiff through any representation to him on which he acted to his loss. No duty of notice to him rested on the plaintiff.

But if, in fact, the company was authorized to accept payment for the plaintiff, the defendant is entitled to the benefit of the payment, whether he knew or did not know of the agency. The burden of proving the agency rested on the defendant, Clark v. Murphy, 164 Mass. 490, as well as of

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proving payment. Burnham v. Allen, 1 Gray 496. Hilton v. Smith, 5 Gray 400. Unless, as matter of law, the evidence, taken most strongly for the defendant, would not sustain a finding that the agency existed, the defendant was entitled to have the question submitted to the jury. The jurors could disbelieve the testimony that no express authority to accept payment for the bank has ever been given to the company. There was no evidence to prove such express authority; but we cannot say that the evidence of the long continued course of business between the company and the plaintiff, with no instance of further negotiation of the notes by the plaintiff, with the constant exchange in the collateral, with the knowledge of the practices of the company in its dealings with its customers, could not support an inference of implied authority to accept payment. The judge could not properly have directed a verdict for the defendant. The evidence does not establish, as matter of law, that an agency existed. But, because it also fails to establish as matter of law that an agency did not exist, he was wrong in ruling that the plaintiff could recover; and in directing a verdict in favor of the plaintiff.

The exception to the refusal to direct a verdict for the defendant is overruled. The exception to the direction of a verdict for the plaintiff is sustained.

So ordered.