WILLIAM O. BARBER vs. WAYNE HENDERSON & others.

QUA, J. The issue is whether an instrument presented for probate was lawfully executed as the will of Isabelle Barber, late of Essex, deceased. The instrument is wholly in the handwriting of Isabelle Barber herself. It consists of a few lines on a single sheet of paper. It reads as follows: "I Isabelle Barber give all Real Estate to Annie M. Barber. Money in Salem Savings bank, National Bank and Bevyly Bank equaly divid to Anni M. Barber 34 Walter St Salem and William O. Barber.

Edward S. O'Leary

Annie R. French

Katherine L. Wixon"

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The Judge of probate found that the name of the testatrix at the top of the instrument constituted her signature. Meads v. Earle, 205 Mass. 553. Porter v. Ballou, 303 Mass. 234. He further found that the witness Wixon, before signing, read the will (presumably including the signature of the deceased); that the witness O'Leary saw the signature of the deceased before the witness affixed his signature; but that the remaining witness, French, "did not see the signing of the will by the testatrix nor did she actually see the signature of the testatrix on said purported will at any time," although "the will was flat on the table, in full view of each witness as he or she signed," and "no attempt to conceal the writing was made when the witnesses signed." The judge concluded that "facts essential to a good attestation were present, and that the will was attested and subscribed in accordance with the provisions of the Statute." No objection is made to the subsidiary findings hereinbefore stated on the ground that the evidence (which is reported) failed to support them. The principal contention of the appellants is that the final conclusion that the will was duly executed cannot stand in the face of the subsidiary finding that the witness French neither saw the testatrix sign nor saw her signature at any time after she had signed.

This contention of the appellants is determined against them by decisions of this court. A will must be signed by the testator or by a person in his presence and by his express direction and "attested and subscribed in his presence by three or more competent witnesses." G.L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 191, Section 1. For more than a century it has been held, following English decisions upon a similar statute, that a will is "attested" by a witness in the presence of the testator if the testator acknowledges his signature previously placed thereon by exhibiting the paper to the witness and declaring it to be his will. Hall v. Hall, 17 Pick. 373, 379, 380. Finucane v. Finucane, 289 Mass. 101. It has also long been held that an attestation under these circumstances is valid even though the witness may not actually see the signature upon the paper which the testator exhibits as his will. Dewey v.

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Dewey, 1 Met. 349, 353, 354. Hogan v. Grosvenor, 10 Met. 54, 56. Osborn v. Cook, 11 Cush. 532. Tilden v. Tilden, 13 Gray 110. Ela v. Edwards, 16 Gray 91. Chase v. Kittredge, 11 Allen 49, 52. Meads v. Earle, 205 Mass. 553, 554, 557. These decisions have never been overruled and still state the law commonly applicable to such facts not only in this Commonwealth but generally, where the statute is like ours. See cases collected in 68 C.J. "Wills," Sections 357-362, and in Schouler, Law of Wills, Executors and Administrators (6th ed.) Section 527. Compare Matter of Redway, 238 App. Div. (N.Y.) 653, affirmed 265 N.Y. 519.

It is unnecessary to consider whether the more recent case of Nunn v. Ehlert, 218 Mass. 471, merely distinguishes the earlier cases or in some degree qualifies them in the special instance which that case presents. In any event Nunn v. Ehlert goes no further than to decide that a testator does not acknowledge his signature upon the instrument when he conceals that signature from the witness, and that under such circumstances there is no valid attestation. Except in cases of concealment, the earlier decisions remain untouched and their authority unimpaired. Compare In the Goods of Gunston, 7 P. D. 102, with Daintree v. Butcher, 13 P. D. 102. In the case at bar it is expressly found that no attempt was made to conceal the writing, and that the will was flat on the table in full view of each witness. The cases of Hawkes v. Hawkes, 230 Mass. 11, and Tredick v. Bryant, 269 Mass. 50, merely follow Nunn v. Ehlert under similar circumstances. The language of the court in Hawkes v. Hawkes, at page 14, indicates that the court regarded the earlier decisions as still in force. See Pratt v. Dalby, 223 Mass. 559, 561. The passage from Leatherbee v. Leatherbee, 247 Mass. 138, 140, quoted in Tredick v. Bryant, at page 52, is in very general terms and is not to be read (contrary to some of the very cases there cited) as requiring that the witness must actually see the testator's signature.

The appellants further contend that the evidence would not support a finding that the witness French was informed that the paper she was witnessing was a will. Without discussing the evidence it is enough to say of this contention

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that it is not necessary that a witness should know that the paper is a will. Dewey v. Dewey, 1 Met. 349, 353. Hogan v. Grosvenor, 10 Met. 54, 57. Osborn v. Cook, 11 Cush. 532. Tilden v. Tilden, 13 Gray 110, 114. Chase v. Kittredge, 11 Allen 49, 52. Ela v. Edwards, 16 Gray 91, 92. Nunn v. Ehlert, 218 Mass. 471, 481. There was ample evidence that the testatrix herself intended the paper to be her will.

Decree affirmed.