LEO J. LEGARRY vs. FINN MOTOR SALES, INC. (and three companion cases [Note 1]).

QUA, J. These are three actions for personal injury (including property damage in the first case) and a fourth action for death and conscious suffering, all arising out of a collision on a public way in Spencer, on September 12, 1937, between an automobile owned by the defendant and driven by one Womer and an automobile in which the plaintiffs and the deceased were riding. The bill of exceptions states that the only issue is whether there was any evidence which would warrant the jury in finding that the defendant's automobile was being operated by a person

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(Womer) for whose conduct the defendant was legally responsible.

Proof of the fact that at the time of the collision the defendant's automobile was "registered in the name of the defendant as owner" would be "prima facie evidence that it was then being operated by and under the control of a person for whose conduct the defendant was legally responsible," and absence of such responsibility would be "an affirmative defence to be set up in the answer and proved by the defendant." G.L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 231, Section 85A. Under this statute the mere fact of registration in the name of the defendant as owner commonly carries the case to the jury so far as agency of the driver in behalf of the defendant is concerned. Thomes v. Meyer Store Inc. 268 Mass. 587. Haun v. LeGrand, 268 Mass. 582. Wilson v. Grace, 273 Mass. 146. Ferreira v. Franco, 273 Mass. 272. Karpowicz v. Manasas, 275 Mass. 413, 418. Bruce v. Hanks, 277 Mass. 268. Greenburg v. Gorvine, 279 Mass. 339. Boyas v. Raymond, 302 Mass. 519, 521-522. The jury may disbelieve the testimony of witnesses tending to the contrary, even though they are called by the plaintiff. Haun v. LeGrand, 268 Mass. 582, 584.

But the defendant contends that G.L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 231, Section 85A, does not apply, because, as the defendant says, the automobile admittedly owned by the defendant was not "registered in the name of the defendant as owner." This contention rests upon the claim that the defendant, being a dealer, instead of registering this particular automobile as an owner under G.L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 90, Section 2, had applied under Section 5 for "a general distinguishing number or mark" and held a certificate of registration issued under the latter section "containing the name and business address of the applicant and the general distinguishing number or mark assigned to him." By Section 5 "all motor vehicles or trailers owned or controlled by . . . [the] dealer . . . shall be regarded as registered under such general distinguishing number or mark until sold or let for hire or loaned for a period of five successive days," provided that the number plates furnished by the registrar are properly displayed

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thereon. There was evidence that at the time of the collision the defendant's automobile carried Massachusetts dealer's plates. It could be inferred that these were plates duly furnished to the defendant by the registrar under Section 5. Karpowicz v. Manasas, 275 Mass. 413, 419. There was also evidence that the defendant had not "let for hire or loaned" the automobile "for a period of five successive days." There was other and different evidence which might possibly support a finding that this automobile was in fact registered to the defendant under Section 2, but we prefer to deal with the larger question and to assume as the fact the defendant's view that it was being operated under a dealer's certificate issued in accordance with Section 5.

This case thus presents the question whether G.L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 231, Section 85A, applies with respect to a vehicle which is not separately registered on application of the owner under G.L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 90, Section 2, but is to be "regarded as registered" under Section 5 because owned by a dealer and bearing a set of his plates. Stated differently, the question is whether a vehicle in fact owned by a defendant dealer and operated under his dealer's plates is "registered in the name of the defendant as owner" within the meaning of those words as used in c. 231, Section 85A. It was suggested that such a question might be raised in Foley v. John H. Bates Inc. 295 Mass. 557, 560-561, but no attempt was there made to answer it. See also Liddell v. Middlesex Motor Co. 275 Mass. 346, 350, 351, and Liddell v. Standard Accident Ins. Co. 283 Mass. 340, 344-347.

Section 85A was important remedial legislation. It was obviously intended to do away with the difficulty which under the law as it had previously stood was often encountered by injured persons in trying to make formal proof that the driver was operating in the owner's behalf at the time of an accident. The truth about this matter would be known to the defendant and the evidence would normally be within his control. The truth would commonly be unknown to the plaintiff and often very difficult of ascertainment by him. It may well have been thought that greater justice would be done and more responsible control

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over motor vehicles established by shifting the burden. Registration as owner could be used as a means of accomplishing these results. The law in this Commonwealth would thus be brought into approximate conformity with that manifested by judicial decision in a number of other jurisdictions. Thomes v. Meyer Store Inc. 268 Mass. 587, 589. See cases collected in 74 Am. L. R. 951. Compare Arnold v. Brereton, 261 Mass. 238, 241, decided before the enactment of Section 85A. The objects sought can best be attained by a liberal construction and a wide application of the act throughout the field and would be in part defeated by limitation to special classes of cases. The evils to be overcome would seem to exist in connection with vehicles owned by dealers no less than in connection with those owned by persons not dealers, and the remedy would seem equally appropriate. Chapter 231, Section 85A should therefore be held to apply where the vehicle involved in an accident is owned by a dealer and is "regarded as registered" under c. 90, Section 5, if the words of Section 85A will fairly admit of that construction.

We think that the words of 85A will fairly admit of that construction. To begin with, we have no doubt that a dealer's vehicle "regarded as registered" under c. 90, Section 5, is to be regarded as registered for all purposes and is in reality as fully "registered" for the purposes of Section 85A as a vehicle registered under c. 90, Section 2. Section 5 itself refers to "vehicles . . . registered in accordance with this section." Where the dealer is the defendant there can be no doubt that the vehicle is registered "in the name of the defendant" when it is operated under a dealer's certificate issued to him by name. The question remains whether it is registered in the name of the defendant "as owner." We think it is where the defendant dealer is in fact the owner. By Section 5 a particular vehicle comes under the protection of the dealer's certificate and plates either by virtue of being "owned" by him or by virtue of being "controlled" by him. If, therefore, he owns the vehicle, it is not stretching the meaning of words to say that it becomes "registered in his name as owner" when, having a certificate in his name under Section 5, he places his plates upon the vehicle.

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It is possible that this construction may lead to a distinction in the application of G.L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 231, Section 85A, between vehicles owned by a dealer and those merely in his control without ownership. We need not now decide the point. Even if our reasoning leads to that distinction, the difficulty seems to us to be less than would be involved in holding that all owners except dealers are subject to the burdens of Section 85A, but that dealer owners are to escape. There may be reasons for treating vehicles owned differently from those merely in the control (usually temporary) of the dealer.

In our opinion there was prima facie evidence under G.L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 231, Section 85A, warranting the jury in finding that the defendant was legally responsible for the conduct of Womer.

Exceptions overruled.