CARL O. HARDING vs. STATE BOARD OF PAROLE.

DOLAN, J. This is a petition for a writ of mandamus under which the petitioner, now serving a sentence of imprisonment in the State prison, seeks to compel the members of the respondent State board of parole to grant him a permit to be at liberty. The case comes before us on the petitioner's exception to the "finding and ruling" of the judge of the Superior Court hereinafter set forth.

All the material evidence in the case is set forth in the bill of exceptions and tends to show the following facts. On October 21, 1926, the petitioner was sentenced to the State prison for a term of not more than ten nor less than three years for the crime of larceny and was duly committed.

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See Harding v. Commonwealth, 283 Mass. 369. On April 22, 1929, having served two and one half years of this sentence, he was released on a permit to be at liberty under G. L. c. 127, Section 131. On October 31, 1930, while on parole under that permit, he was arrested "by the Boston police on suspicion." The following day, November 1, 1930, the State board of parole, hereinafter referred to as the board, revoked his permit to be at liberty for "indiscreet conduct" and issued an order "for his arrest forthwith and return to prison" under the provisions of G. L. c. 127, Section 148, and Section 149 as amended by St. 1930, c. 60, Section 2. "This order or warrant was, on said November 1, 1930, committed to . . . [a sergeant] of the Boston police for service." On the same day "the petitioner was arraigned in court and remanded to the Charles Street Jail." On January 28, 1931, the petitioner was found guilty on two counts of receiving stolen property, and on January 29, 1931, was sentenced thereon to the State prison for a term of not more than eight and not less than five years, and he was removed to the State prison. The judgment of the court made no reference to the previous sentence.

At the expiration of the minimum term of that sentence on January 28, 1936, the "order or warrant of the parole board of November 1, 1930, was served upon the petitioner" within the State prison "following a customary procedure." It was served by a special State police officer. Thereafter the prisoner was held in the State prison under the sentence of 1926 until March 4, 1936, when he was released by the board on a permit to be at liberty under the first sentence. (G. L. [Ter. Ed.] c. 127, Section 131.) Subsequently he was returned by the board to the State prison (the bill of exceptions does not show when). "In accordance with G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 127, Section 130, as amended by St. 1938, c. 264, the petitioner is entitled to a minimum reduction from the maximum term for which he may be held under his sentence of seven hundred twenty days."

The judge made the following "finding and ruling": "On the evidence presented I find that the respondents did issue an order for the arrest of the petitioner, which order

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of arrest was not served on said petitioner until January 28, 1936. Accordingly, I believe as a matter of law the writ should not issue. If, however, the issuance of said writ is within my discretion, it is denied."

The determinative issue is whether the prior sentence of the petitioner ran concurrently with the subsequent one. G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 279, Section 8, provides as follows: "A convict upon whom two or more sentences to imprisonment are imposed may be fully committed upon all such sentences at the same time, and shall serve them in the order named in the mittimuses upon which he is committed; but when fine and imprisonment are named in one of the sentences the prisoner shall always be committed upon the term sentence first." The sentences involved in the present case were not pronounced at the same time and the judge in imposing the later sentence made no reference to the prior sentence. G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 279, Section 8A, provides: "For the purpose only of determining the time of the taking effect of a sentence which is ordered to take effect from and after the expiration of a previous sentence, such previous sentence shall be deemed to have expired when a prisoner serving such previous sentence shall have been released therefrom by parole or otherwise. Nothing in this section shall be construed to alter or control any provision of section one hundred and thirty-one or one hundred and forty-nine of chapter one hundred and twenty-seven." Under G. L. c. 127, Section 149, as amended by St. 1930, c. 60, Section 2, if a permit to be at liberty, granted or issued by the board of parole, has become void or has been revoked, the board may order the arrest of the holder of the permit by any officer qualified to serve civil or criminal process in any county, and the return of the holder of the permit to the prison from which he has been released; and a prisoner who has been so returned to his place of confinement shall be detained therein according to the terms of his original sentence. Section 149 also provides that, in computing the period of his confinement, the time between his release upon a permit or on parole shall not be considered as any part of the term of his original sentence, and that, if at the

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time of the order to return to prison or the revocation of his permit he is confined in any prison, service shall not be made until his release therefrom.

It is the law of this Commonwealth that the term of imprisonment begins on the day that sentence is imposed. Commonwealth v. Keniston, 5 Pick. 420. West's Case, 111 Mass. 443. Commonwealth v. Hayes, 170 Mass. 16. The sentence of January 29, 1931, therefore, began to run on that day; and it would seem a fair inference from a reading of the statutes just above referred to that the Legislature intended that service of the unexpired sentence of one on parole when sentenced for another crime was not to begin to run until the expiration of the term of the second sentence.

When the second sentence was imposed the petitioner was confined only under that sentence. When arraigned, convicted and sentenced in 1931, service under his prior sentence had been interrupted and suspended by his permit to be at liberty. "Thereafter, his imprisonment was attributable to his second sentence only, and his rights and status as to his first sentence were `analogous to those of an escaped convict.' Not only had he -- by his own conduct -- forfeited the privileges granted him by parole, but since he was no longer in either actual or constructive custody under the first sentence, service under the second sentence can not be credited to the first" sentence. Zerbst v. Kidwell, 304 U.S. 359, 361. Aderhold v. Ashlock, 99 Fed. (2d) 67, 68, and cases cited. Aderhold v. Murphy, 103 Fed. (2d) 492, 493.

We are of opinion that the unexpired term of the petitioner's prior sentence did not begin to run until the date in January, 1936, when the minimum term of the later sentence expired.

As before stated, under G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 127, Section 148, it is provided that the board "may" revoke a permit to be at liberty, and, under Section 149 as amended, "may" order the arrest of the holder of the permit "by any officer qualified to serve civil or criminal process in any county" and the return of the holder of the permit to the prison from which

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he has been released. It is also provided under G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 127, Section 6, that "All process to be served within the precincts of any penal or reformatory institution shall be directed to and served by the warden, superintendent, master or keeper thereof or his deputy." The evidence discloses that the order for the arrest and return of the petitioner to serve the unexpired term of his prior sentence was served by a special State police officer within the State prison. Nevertheless, even if on January 28, 1936, a special State police officer was not authorized by G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 127, Section 127, to serve orders of the board for the arrest and return of the holder of a permit (see now, however, St. 1938, c. 71, under which such officers may serve warrants issued by the parole board) and conceding that process to be served within the State prison must be served as provided in G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 127, Section 6, we are of opinion that the service of the warrant or order of the board was not as matter of law required to be made upon the petitioner who was already within the State prison. Being within its precincts, and his permit to be at liberty having been revoked long before the expiration of the minimum term of his second sentence, when it did expire the petitioner was properly held under the terms of the prior sentence. That sentence was and is the real authority for holding him. Kozlowsky, petitioner, 238 Mass. 532, 537. Aderhold v. McCarthy, 65 Fed. (2d) 452.

The petitioner had served only two and one half years of his original sentence of not more than ten nor less than three years, when paroled on April 22, 1929. Under G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 127, Section 149, it is provided that a prisoner who has been returned to his place of confinement after revocation of a permit to be at liberty shall be detained therein according to the terms of his original sentence, and that, in computing the period of his confinement, the time between his release upon a permit and his return to prison shall not be considered as any part of the sentence. Since he did not begin to serve the unexpired term of the maximum sentence (of 1926) until January 28, 1936, it is plain that he has not fully served that sentence even if entitled

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to time off for good behavior under G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 127, Section 130, as amended by St. 1938, c. 264.

Exceptions overruled.