RICHARD H. SUTHERLAND vs. MARIO SCARDINO (and a companion case [Note 1]).

WILLIAMS, J. In these actions of tort the plaintiff seeks to recover for personal injuries received on July 25, 1952, on the Southern Artery in Quincy when struck by an automobile operated by one Richard W. Boyd. There was testimony that at about 12:30 A.M. on that day the plaintiff, the defendants Scardino and Cenci, Mrs. Scardino, and four or five others agreed to drive to a certain restaurant in Boston in two automobiles. The plaintiff, Mrs. Scardino, and two of the men rode with Scardino in his automobile. The others rode with Cenci. While proceeding northerly on the Southern Artery Cenci had trouble with his right front tire. He signaled to Scardino, who was behind, to stop, and drew up on the right side of the road parallel to the easterly curb. Scardino passed him, turned his automobile around,

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and parked it facing south in front of the Cenci automobile. He did this in order that his headlights, which were on low beam, might illuminate Cenci's right front tire which required changing. The automobiles were then ten or fifteen feet apart. Cenci's parking lights were lighted. The occupants of both automobiles alighted and Cenci, with the assistance of one of the men, proceeded to jack up his front wheel. Someone suggested that a spare tire be obtained from Cenci's trunk in the rear of his automobile, and the plaintiff offered to get it. He walked to the rear of the Cenci automobile and while removing the spare tire from the trunk was struck by an automobile coming from the south operated by Boyd. A verdict was ordered to be returned for each defendant. The cases are before us on the exceptions of the plaintiff to the directions of the verdicts and to a ruling of the judge on a matter of evidence.

In the plaintiff's substitute consolidated bill of exceptions it is stated that "The plaintiff boarded the car of the defendant Scardino when it left for Boston as a gratuitous guest of the defendant Scardino. The occupants of both cars were on a joint journey of pleasure. At the time of the accident the plaintiff was assisting in the repair of the flat tire on the car of the defendant Cenci so that the Cenci car would be able to resume the originally planned trip of having all the occupants of both cars go into Boston on their original mission."

The ruling to which the plaintiff excepted was made during the interrogation of Boyd, who seems to have been called as a witness by the plaintiff and under direct examination testified as follows. He was an electrical engineer and while driving north on the artery at from thirty to thirty-five miles per hour was blinded by a headlamp. The headlamp was straight ahead of him and, when he first saw it, was twenty to twenty-five feet away and appeared to be moving toward the center of the road, that is, from Boyd's right side of the road toward the center. He put his foot on the brake and the collision with the plaintiff and the Cenci automobile occurred. He did not observe any red

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lights on the rear of any automobile. On cross-examination by the attorney for Cenci during which he was examined as to a statement made by him to the registry of motor vehicles he testified that as a matter of fact he did not know anything about the accident proper until just an instant before it happened; that he did not know whether or not he was adjusting the rear view mirror; and that when he told the police that he was, he was trying to reconstruct it to the best of his ability. To a question "if I were to ask you: `What do you know about this accident?' you would have to say: `I have absolutely no personal knowledge about any of the circumstances leading up to it. I would have to reconstruct it.' Is that what you would have to do?" the witness answered "Yes, sir." The judge then allowed a motion to strike out the witness's testimony and the plaintiff excepted. In answer to a subsequent inquiry by the judge as to the report he had made to the police Boyd testified that the report was a reconstruction of the accident; that he tried to recreate it; and that the report was only one of three opinions which he had.

He stated to the judge, at the conclusion of his testimony, that the only knowledge he had of the accident was that he was blinded by a lamp. There was no error in striking out his testimony as to what he believed must have occurred prior to the collision as it was based on facts which he learned of later and not on personal observation and recollection. His final statement that he was blinded by a lamp, made in answer to the interrogation by the judge, was not struck out. It could be found in connection with other evidence of the circumstances that this lamp was one of the headlights of Scardino's automobile and that its effect upon Boyd was a contributing cause of the collision with the plaintiff. A jury would be warranted in finding that Scardino should reasonably have anticipated that his headlights might confuse or blind operators approaching from the south (see Morrison v. Medaglia, 287 Mass. 46); that he was negligent in placing his automobile on what is commonly called the wrong side of the road; and that his

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conduct was a contributing cause of Boyd striking the plaintiff.

The extent of Scardino's duty of care to the plaintiff depended upon their relationship. There is no conflict as to the facts. The occupants of both automobiles were on a "joint journey of pleasure," the plaintiff riding as a gratuitous guest in Scardino's automobile. There was a temporary interruption of the trip caused by Cenci's tire trouble. Scardino and the plaintiff appear to have been as much interested in repairing the tire so that the journey could be resumed as were Cenci and his guests. Scardino furnished lights for the repair operation. The plaintiff went to get the spare tire. The fact that he was not in Scardino's automobile when injured was not, in the circumstances, material. Ruel v. Langelier, 299 Mass. 240. Bragdon v. Dinsmore, 312 Mass. 628. Ethier v. Audette, 307 Mass. 111. Both were in its immediate vicinity engaged in activities designed to promote a resumption of its use. Neither one did anything evidencing an intent to terminate the relationship which they had assumed. Compare Conley v. Rosenfield, 271 Mass. 433; Fone v. Elloian, 297 Mass. 139. In view of the common purpose shared by the occupants of both automobiles the plaintiff's action in helping Cenci was no different in effect from a similar act by him relating to Scardino's automobile. See Ruel v. Langelier, supra. We think that when the plaintiff was injured he continued to be a guest of Scardino and that the latter's duty of care toward him was not to cause him injury by an act of gross negligence. Massaletti v. Fitzroy, 228 Mass. 487. It could not be found that Scardino's negligence was of that character and the direction of a verdict in his favor was not error.

In the action against Cenci the only contention made as to his negligence was that his rear lights were not lighted. Boyd testified that he "did not observe any red lights in the rear of any car." As we interpret the record this was a part of Boyd's testimony which was struck out, and we think properly so for the reason heretofore stated. If allowed to stand, his admitted lack of knowledge of matters

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leading up to the collision showed a degree of inattention sufficient to deprive his negative statement of any affirmative value in proving that Cenci's rear lights were not lighted. See Menard v. Boston & Maine Railroad, 150 Mass. 386, 387; Slattery v. New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 203 Mass. 453, 457-459; Gibb v. Hardwick, 241 Mass. 546, 549; Hough v. Boston Elevated Railway, 262 Mass. 91, 93-94; McGaffee v. P. B. Mutrie Motor Transportation, Inc. 311 Mass. 730, 734. There was no error in directing a verdict for Cenci.

Exceptions overruled.