DANIEL I. CONNOLLY vs. ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CONTROL COMMISSION (and a companion case between the same parties).

CUTTER, J. Appeals from orders for judgments in two proceedings are here involved. The first is a petition for a writ of certiorari brought by a registered pharmacist, who runs a drug store in Framingham, to review and quash the proceedings by the alcoholic beverages control commission disapproving his application for a license. The second is a petition for a writ of mandamus to direct the commission to approve the application. The cases were heard together on the pleadings and a return in the certiorari proceeding containing the transcript of evidence before the commission. It was ordered that judgment be entered dismissing each petition.

The facts found by the trial court are as follows. The petitioner on February 24, 1955, applied to the selectmen of Framingham for a retail package store license under G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 138, [Note p614-1] Section 15, as amended. The selectmen approved the application. At all times here relevant, the petitioner has held a certificate of fitness under Section 30, as amended, and a license to sell alcoholic beverages without a physician's prescription under Sections 29-30H, as from time to time amended. See for most recent amendment St. 1956, c. 283, Section 1. On March 8, 1955, the selectmen approved the application and forwarded it to the commission. At a hearing before the commission on March 30 there were objections only from other holders of package store licenses and there was no evidence whatsoever that the petitioner was not a proper person to hold a license. The commission, without giving its reasons, disapproved the application on March 31. The selectmen requested reconsideration by the commission and a written statement of its reasons for disapproval. These requests the commission denied without giving the petitioner notice or opportunity to be heard.

The petitions were not filed until November 18, 1955, more than seven months after the disapproval of the petitioner's application. The principal reason [Note p614-2] for filing the petitions was

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obviously to obtain if possible a license for 1955, which would then put the petitioner in the position of being prima facie entitled to a license for 1956. Section 16A, as appearing in St. 1937, c. 424, Section 1. Although a 1955 license, if granted, would have expired on December 31, 1955, under Section 23, as appearing in St. 1943, c. 542, Section 12, the petitioner contends that, because of the provisions of Section 16A, the proceedings are not now moot, a position which the commission disputes. See Ward v. Selectmen of Scituate, ante, 1, 2, and cases cited. Here the petitioner has never been the holder of a package store license and so does not come within the express terms of Section 16A which purports to give the "holder of an annual license" certain preferential claim to a renewal for the succeeding licensing period. This case is distinguishable on this ground from Piona v. Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission, 332 Mass. 53, 57, where, because of possible benefits to the petitioner in that case under Section 16A, the issue of restoration to the holder of a license, once held by the petitioner but improperly cancelled, was held not to be moot. In the view which the court takes of this case, however, it is not necessary to decide whether the proceedings are moot, for we think that on the merits the petitions were properly ordered to be dismissed. We leave open the question whether, under Section 16A, an applicant, improperly denied a license, stands in the same position as one who has held a license, which has been improperly cancelled.

The basis for contending that the commission erred in disapproving the petitioner's application (which had already been approved by the selectmen as the local licensing authorities) is that the commission exceeded its authority under Section 15, first paragraph, as appearing in St. 1935, c. 440,

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Section 12, [Note p616-1] and took into consideration factors which were not properly of concern to it. The authority of the commission is set forth simply in the sentence "No such license shall be granted except to an applicant approved by the commission." The petitioner asserts (1) that the only authority of the commission under this sentence to disapprove an application rests on the basis of the personal fitness of the applicant, and (2) that, because the commission had before it no evidence that the petitioner was unfit, the commission was under a duty to approve his application. The petitioner further suggests that the commission was bound to state its reasons for disapproval.

The commission exists under G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 6, Section 43, inserted by St. 1933, c. 120, Section 2, as amended by St. 1933, c. 375, Section 1, and St. 1950, c. 785. By the first paragraph of G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 6, Section 44, as appearing in St. 1933, c. 376, Section 1, it is provided, "The commission shall have general supervision of the conduct of the business of manufacturing, importing, exporting, storing, transporting and selling alcoholic beverages as defined in section one of chapter one hundred and thirty-eight and also of the quality, purity and alcoholic content thereof." By G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 138, Section 24, as appearing in St. 1943, c. 542, Section 13, and as amended by St. 1952, c. 426, the commission is given broad power to clarify the provisions of c. 138 by regulations.2 See as to comprehensive powers of the commission, Universal Machine Co. v. Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission, 301 Mass. 40, 44. See also Sullivan v. Crowley, 307 Mass. 189, 190-191. General Laws (Ter. Ed.) c. 138, Section 23, as amended, emphasizes the fact that licenses are a special privilege subject to public regulation and control (see Jubinville v. Jubinville,

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313 Mass. 103, 106) and gives to the commission comprehensive powers of supervision over licensees, including power to revoke and modify licenses.

The legislative history of G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 6, Section 43, and of G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 138, as amended, clearly shows that the powers of the commission were not intended to be perfunctory or limited. In the very respect here in issue, the approval or disapproval of the action of local licensing authorities, that history [Note p617-1] indicates that the commission was charged with important responsibilities and that it was not to be narrowly restricted in performing them.

It is not necessary to decide in this case what are the precise limits of the authority of the commission in considering the approval or disapproval of the acts of local licensing boards under Section 15, but we do hold that such authority at least extends to considering such matters (shown by the record to have been discussed by the commission at its hearing on the application) as (1) the existing patronage by school children and others of the petitioner's drug store; (2) the proximity of churches and schools; (3) the adequacy

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in the public interest of the drug store license under G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 138, Section 30A, as appearing in St. 1935, c. 440, Section 26, already possessed by the petitioner; and (4) whether this, on all the facts, was a proper instance in which a registered pharmacist might also be given a license under Section 15, as is permitted by G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 138, Section 29, as appearing in St. 1935, c. 440, Section 25. See discussion in Webster v. Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission, 295 Mass. 572, 575-576; Coyne v. Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission, 312 Mass. 224, 228-229. On all of these matters, we think the commission cannot be said to have acted unreasonably in the light of the evidence before it, giving due weight to its specialized knowledge of the problems affecting the regulation of the sale of alcoholic beverages. [Note p618-1]

The petitioner suggests that the provision of Section 15 limiting licenses to applicants to those "approved by the commission" is an unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority to the commission, without setting up adequate standards for the commission's action, if the provision is to be construed broadly enough to permit the disapproval of the applicant's license in the present case. See Commonwealth v. Diaz, 326 Mass. 525, 527-528. There is no merit to this contention. The general policies and standards to be observed in administering the laws regulating the sale of alcoholic beverages are amply set out in various sections of c. 138 and especially in Section 17 dealing with numbers of licenses and Section 23 setting forth the characteristics of the licenses to

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be granted. The general policy is perhaps best indicated by the first paragraph of Section 23, as appearing in St. 1943, c. 542, Section 12, reading, "The terms licenses and permits, wherever employed as substantives in this chapter, are used in their technical sense of a license or permit, transferable only as provided in this chapter, and revocable at pleasure and without any assignment of reasons therefor by the granting authority, the commonwealth, acting through the same officers or agents and under the same delegated authority, as authorized the issue of such licenses or permits. The provisions for the issue of licenses and permits hereunder imply no intention to create rights generally for persons to engage or continue in the transaction of the business authorized by the licenses or permits respectively, but are enacted with a view only to meet the reasonable demand of the public for pure alcoholic beverages and, to that end, to provide, in the opinion of the licensing authorities, an adequate number of places at which the public may obtain, in the manner and for the kind of use indicated, the different sorts of beverages for the sale of which provision is made."

The powers of the States in dealing with the regulation of the sale of intoxicating liquors are very broad. What they may wholly prohibit, they may permit only on terms and conditions prescribed by the Legislature. Supreme Malt products Co. Inc. v. Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission, ante, 59, 61. Ziffrin, Inc. v. Reeves, 308 U.S. 132, 138-139. Carter v. Virginia, 321 U.S. 131, 137-143. In dealing with a trade, which, because of its great potential evils, can be wholly prohibited, a wide power is given to the Legislature with respect to the delegation of discretionary powers. Particularly in view of the extent to which the policy of c. 138, and the basis for action under it, have been specified, as already indicated, there is no invalid delegation of authority to the commission in leaving to it, as was done in Section 15, the power to approve or disapprove applicants for licenses. See Butler v. East Bridgewater, 330 Mass. 33, 36-37.

Since no error of substantive law by the commission is apparent on the record, the writ of certiorari was properly

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ordered to be dismissed. G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 249, Section 4, as amended. See H. Hollander Co. Inc. v. Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission, 327 Mass. 390, 393; Gifford v. Commissioner of Public Health, 328 Mass. 608, 619. Similarly the record does not show that the petitioner is entitled to any relief by mandamus since the commission, acting within the limits of its discretion, could disapprove the license. That petition also was properly ordered to be dismissed. See G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 249, Section 5, as amended.

Orders for judgment affirmed.