GEORGE F. WILLETT vs. EDWIN S. WEBSTER, JUNIOR, & others.

SPALDING, J. This action of tort is based upon the same alleged conspiracy in 1918-1919 dealt with by judgment in 1927 in an action brought in 1921 (hereinafter called the 1921 action). See Willett v. Herrick, 242 Mass. 471, S. C. 258 Mass. 585. The plaintiff since 1949 has been under guardianship as an insane person. See Bashaw v. Willett, 327 Mass. 369; Willett v. Willett, 333 Mass. 323. His guardian seeks to retry this litigation of a past generation upon a declaration which in general recites the facts of the old conspiracy, but also adds, among others, allegations which in substance are (1) that the plaintiff has been continuously insane since prior to the commencement of the alleged conspiracy in 1918; (2) that the defendants in the 1921 action at all times knew of the plaintiff's insanity; [Note 1]

Page 100

(3) that the acts complained of in the 1921 action caused the plaintiff to become permanently insane; (4) that injury was done to the plaintiff's person and property, as well as to the interests of the plaintiff's partnership of Willett, Sears & Co.; and (5) that the conspiracy has been continuous since July, 1918, and the defendants have retained properties, and profits therefrom, gained through the conspiracy.

The defendants named in the present action are some of the original defendants, partners in 1918 in the firm of F. S. Moseley & Co., together with the other partners at the time of the initiation of the present action in the Moseley firm and the then partners in the firm of Kidder, Peabody & Co. It is alleged that these firms have not been dissolved since July, 1918.

1. Certain defendants were granted leave to file special answers asserting the defence of res judicata based upon the judgment in the 1921 action and the release given by the plaintiff and his partner therein held valid, and to reserve further pleadings until twenty-one days after final decision on the special answers. The plaintiff was ordered to file replications to these answers. The plaintiff's first bill of exceptions raises the question of the propriety of the trial judge's disposition of these matters. There was no error in this respect. It was represented to the judge that trial of the 1921 action consumed one hundred eighty-five court days and that the judgment in that action and the issues there settled were determinative of the present proceeding. The judge properly and wisely adopted a practical method of summarily disposing of issues which might be determinative of the whole case, thereby avoiding unnecessary public and private expense. G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 231, Section 34. Rules 25 and 26 of the Superior Court (1954). No substantive rights of the plaintiff have been adversely affected by this procedure.

2. Motions of certain defendants for judgment on the pleadings were allowed. Motions to dismiss filed by various defendants, who were not served here and did not reside in

Page 101

Massachusetts, were also allowed, as were motions to dismiss filed in behalf of the personal representatives of two defendants who died after being served. Exceptions to the allowance of these motions are presented by the plaintiff's second bill of exceptions.

Sufficient facts, as opposed to conclusions of law, are established by the pleadings, by which the plaintiff is bound, to support the defence of res judicata. See G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 231, Section 87; Bancroft v. Cook, 264 Mass. 343, 348. The special answer filed by the defendants Waring and Hibbs (hereinafter called the Waring-Hibbs answer) attaches various documents from the 1921 action, and the docket entries in that case, the authenticity and contents of which are admitted by the plaintiff. Among facts so established are: The 1921 action was brought in the names of Willett and his partner "for the benefit" of Willett, who was alleged to be "the sole owner of all the assets" of Willett, Sears & Co. The defendants Moseley, Auchincloss, and Rantoul were defendants in the 1921 action. Those present defendants, who were not defendants in 1921 but are now partners in the Kidder, Peabody firm or the Moseley firm, are sued in the present action as successors in interest of the partners sued in 1921. They are thus in privity with the defendants in the 1921 action and may take whatever benefit from the former judgment, under the principles of res judicata, their predecessors could have taken. See Sandler v. Silk, 292 Mass. 493, 498; Restatement: Judgments, Sections 83, 87. See also Wishnewsky v. Saugus, 325 Mass. 191, 196. Comparison of the declaration in the 1921 action with that in the present suit shows that the substantive acts in 1918 and 1919 complained of in each action are the same. The plaintiff in the 1921 action was represented by three of the leading members of the Boston bar. The plaintiff and his partner Sears "individually and as copartners" on March 24, 1919, released the then partners of the Kidder, Peabody firm and the Moseley firm, and their successors and assigns, from all claims of every description. See 258 Mass. 585, 590. This very broad release was given upon the written

Page 102

recommendation dated February 8, 1919, of a committee of four persons. See 258 Mass. 585, 597-598.

The prior adjudication on the merits operates as a bar to a later proceeding upon the same cause of action "as to every issue that in fact was or in law might have been litigated." Cleaveland v. Malden Savings Bank, 291 Mass. 295, 298. Varying the form or phrases of a declaration in an earlier action will not avoid the force of res judicata when it is apparent from comparison of the pleadings that they set forth in substance and in effect the same cause of action. Franklin v. North Weymouth Cooperative Bank, 283 Mass. 275, 280. "The statement of a different form of liability is not a different cause of action, provided it grows out of the same transaction, act, or agreement, and seeks redress for the same wrong." Mackintosh v. Chambers, 285 Mass. 594, 596-597. Forman v. Wolfson, 327 Mass. 341, 343. See Restatement: Judgments, Section 62, comment e, Section 63. Here the actions of certain defendants and others, relied upon as actionable, are the same as in the earlier action except that they are now said to be given new significance by the allegations of injury to the plaintiff individually and of the plaintiff's insanity and the alleged knowledge of this on the part of some defendants.

All of these aspects of the case could have been litigated by the plaintiff in the earlier proceeding. He cannot split his cause of action based upon the same facts. Doubtless, the plaintiff's counsel in the 1921 action would not have hesitated to allege that the plaintiff was insane when he signed the 1919 release, if they could have done so with propriety. It was open to the plaintiff to allege and prove all the consequences of the allegedly tortious acts of the parties to that action and all matters which might render the release ineffective. Any such allegations and proof then omitted cannot be made now. Dearden v. Hey, 304 Mass. 659, 661, et seq. Derderian v. Union Market National Bank, 326 Mass. 538, 541. If the 1919 release was effective, the plaintiff then ceased to have grounds for complaint with respect to the continued possession by the defendants and

Page 103

their successors of property then held by the defendants' firms; hence the allegations of continued retention of the property are of no significance.

In McKenna v. McArdle, 191 Mass. 96, 100, it is said to be "the generally prevailing rule of law . . . that an insane person may appear and prosecute or defend by attorney, at least when he is not under guardianship, any ordinary action at common law, if no special reason is shown to the contrary, and . . . he will be bound by the result." See Jones v. Harrar, 326 Mass. 488, 490-491. See also Cunningham v. Davis, 175 Mass. 213, 217; King v. Robinson, 33 Maine, 114, 124-126; Fernow v. Gubser, 136 Fed. (2d) 971, 973 (C. C. A. 10).

We here see no special reason to the contrary. The plaintiff was by no means an incompetent person of low intelligence inadequately advised. No guardian was appointed for him until 1949. He was represented over thirty years ago, with respect to incidents which occurred nearly forty years ago, by eminent counsel, who gave him every professional assistance within their powers. No case is made out for equitable relief against the judgment in the 1921 action. Even if it be assumed that such relief may be obtained in an action at law in which the judgment is asserted as a defence (see G. L. [Ter. Ed.] c. 231, Section 35), the "salutary rule . . . which forbids the contradiction of a judgment is not to be avoided by calling the contradiction . . . equitable." See Bremner v. Hester, 258 Mass. 425, 426. See also Corbett v. Craven, 196 Mass. 319, 320; Frechette v. Thibodeau, 294 Mass. 51, 57-59. Here the plaintiff cannot properly assert that "there was no fair trial because he was subject to an incapacity and was so poorly represented that there was no substantial presentation of his case." See Restatement: Judgments, Section 123; see also Sections 127-130.

The long lapse of time since the judgment presents compelling reasons for denying equitable relief against the judgment at a time when most of the parties, many of the witnesses, and most of the plaintiff's counsel in the 1921 action are dead. Also, to disregard this judgment, obtained after

Page 104

extended and fair adversary proceedings, would greatly diminish the general security of judgments. The law in Massachusetts is represented by the McKenna case and we need not have resort to decisions, relied upon by the plaintiff, in other jurisdictions. Many of these are distinguishable (see Olivera v. Grace, 19 Cal. [2d] 570, 572-573, 575; Hunter v. Williams, 96 Colo. 435, 437; Hodges v. Phoenix Mutual Life Ins. Co. 171 Kans. 364, 368-374, S. C. 174 Kans. 282) because they dealt with default judgments or arose under different statutory provisions. Compare Smith v. Holloway, 259 Ala. 393, S. C. 262 Ala. 273.

Even if the present cause of action should be considered different from that in the 1921 action, the 1919 release would be a bar here. That release, signed by Sears as well as Willett, released completely all claims of the partnership and the plaintiff individually. No contention is made that Sears was insane. Even if Willett was then insane, Sears's release effectively discharged all claims by the partnership, which owned at the time of the alleged conspiracy the property of which the plaintiff claims wrongful deprivation. Gordon v. Albert, 168 Mass. 150, 153-154. Osborn v. Martha's Vineyard Railroad, 140 Mass. 549. Emerson v. Knower, 8 Pick. 63. Restatement: Contracts, Section 130. The validity of the release was adjudicated after full trial on the merits of the plaintiff's whole cause of action in the 1921 action and was decisive. See Restatement: Judgments, Section 68. Compare Cambria v. Jeffery, 307 Mass. 49, 50. The issue of the validity of the release is settled with respect to subsequent litigation between the plaintiff and the then defendants and those in privity with them. Mellen v. Modern Parlor Frame Corp. 321 Mass. 305, 309, and cases cited. See Spector v. Traster, 270 Mass. 545, 548-549; Long v. George, 290 Mass. 316, 321-322; Bordonaro v. Vandenkerckhaven, 322 Mass. 278, 281-282; Leventhal v. Krinsky, 325 Mass. 336, 339-340. Compare Sandler v. Silk, 292 Mass. 493, 497-500. It is too late for the plaintiff to assert other grounds upon which the release might be held invalid.

3. In the circumstances here, this was an appropriate

Page 105

case for an order for judgment on the pleadings in behalf of the only two partners of the Kidder, Peabody firm served and those resident partners of the Moseley firm who moved for judgment. It is apparent that, upon the facts established by the pleadings, the plaintiff cannot prevail by reason of the issues settled in the 1921 action and the judgment therein. Adiletto v. Brockton Cut Sole Corp. 322 Mass. 110, 112. See Leventhal v. Pierce, 332 Mass. 117.

4. Our decision on the issue of res judicata determines that the plaintiff cannot recover against defendants still living who were served with process. It is equally plain that there could be no recovery against other defendants similarly situated and equally in privity with the defendants in the 1921 action. The plaintiff is not prejudiced by the dismissal of the action as against such living defendants not served with process and as against such defendants served with process and since deceased. It is thus not necessary to consider whether the substituted service of the former group of living defendants was effective, or whether any cause of action survived against the latter group.

Exceptions overruled.