WILLIAM J. COUTURE vs. COMMONWEALTH.

SPALDING, J. This is a petition for a writ of error to set aside judgments in three criminal cases.

On December 5, 1951, the grand jury for Suffolk County returned three indictments charging the petitioner with having committed the following offences on September 23, 1942: (1) assault with intent to murder while armed,

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(2) carrying a weapon without a license, and (3) assault with intent to rob while armed. Each indictment contained an allegation that between September 23, 1942, and the date of the indictment the petitioner "was not usually and publicly resident within the said Commonwealth." During the greater part of that time the petitioner was confined in prison in Rhode Island for crime committed in that State.

On March 21, 1952, after a trial in which he was represented by experienced and competent counsel, the petitioner was found guilty on the three aforementioned indictments and was sentenced to a term in State prison on each, which he is now serving.

In the petition the only error assigned is that the three indictments "are illegal and contrary" to the statutes of the Commonwealth and to the Constitution of the Commonwealth and of the United States. The petitioner now concedes that the indictments were not improper. We agree. [Note 1]

At the hearing before the single justice the petitioner presented a much broader question, namely, that the statute of limitations (G. L. c. 277, Section 63) was not tolled during the period of his incarceration in Rhode Island.

From evidence introduced before him the single justice found these facts. "On September 30, 1942, . . . [the petitioner] was employed and resided in Taunton in this Commonwealth. On that night, police officers from Providence, Rhode Island, without a warrant went to the room where . . . [the petitioner] was living, and took him and one Howarth, who was asleep there, to the Taunton police station. Later that night, still without a warrant, the Providence police took . . . [the petitioner] and Howarth to Rhode Island."

The single justice ruled, in ordering the judgments affirmed, that during the period of his imprisonment in Rhode Island the petitioner was not "usually and publicly

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resident within the Commonwealth" within the purview of G. L. c. 277, Section 63, and that the conduct of the Rhode Island police did not affect the right of this Commonwealth to prosecute for the crimes covered by the three indictments. The petitioner challenges this ruling. It is not disputed that if the statute of limitations was not tolled during the period of the petitioner's imprisonment in Rhode Island the petitioner would have had a good defence.

The issue of the statute of limitations was a defence which the petitioner could and should have raised at the trial. United States v. Cook, 17 Wall. 168. Biddinger v. Commissioner of Police of N. Y. 245 U.S. 128, 135. Forthoffer v. Swope, 103 F. 2d 707, 709 (9th Cir.). United States v. Parrino, 203 F. 2d 284, 286-287 (2d Cir.), cert. den. sub nom. Parrino v. United States, 348 U.S. 840. Lincoln v. State, 199 Md. 194, 202. Speaking broadly, the review under a writ of error "is of matters of law apparent on the record of the court in which the judgment was entered as disclosed by the return." Berlandi v. Commonwealth, 314 Mass. 424, 427. "It is a restricted remedy. `Evidence heard at the trial on the merits is no part of the record and hence cannot be considered on a writ of error.'" Guerin v. Commonwealth, 337 Mass. 264, 268. The errors of fact which may be reviewed on a writ of error are set forth in detail in the case just cited at page 268. The issue sought to be raised here does not come within any of the classes there enumerated. The record of the Superior Court reveals nothing that has any bearing on the issue of the subject of the statute of limitations and hence there is nothing apparent on the record touching this issue which may be reviewed. A party seeking relief by writ of error under the statutory authority must take the remedy with its limitations. Dolan v. Commonwealth, 304 Mass. 325, 333. The petitioner was not without an adequate remedy. He could have brought the cases here as matter of right either by exceptions (G. L. c. 278, Section 31), or by appeal if they were made subject to G. L. c. 278, Sections 33A-33G, as amended, and in either case could

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have had a review much broader than that afforded by a writ of error, but he did not see fit to do so. We are of opinion that the petitioner was not entitled to raise the question here sought to be raised on a writ of error. However, since the result will be the same and the question is one which this court has never passed on, we shall proceed to the merits.

There was no error.

General Laws (Ter. Ed.) c. 277, Section 63, provides in part: "An indictment for any other crime [than murder] shall be found and filed within six years after the crime has been committed; but any period during which the defendant is not usually and publicly resident within the commonwealth shall be excluded in determining the time limited" (emphasis supplied). The issue, then, is whether the petitioner was "not usually and publicly resident within the commonwealth" for a time sufficient to prevent the expiration of the period of limitation. The petitioner was not "usually and publicly resident" within this Commonwealth during the time he was imprisoned in Rhode Island, unless the Legislature can be said to have contemplated that only periods of voluntary absence will toll the statute. The statute, however, is unambiguous; it provides that the period of limitation is tolled during any period a person accused of crime is absent from the Commonwealth. There is no warrant here for the introduction of an exception not specified or contemplated by the Legislature. Decisions in other jurisdictions with similar statutory provisions support this conclusion. People v. Carman, 385 Ill. 23. Traxler v. State, 96 Okla. Cr. 231, 236-238. And see McGowen v. United States, 105 F. 2d 791 (D. C. Cir.), cert. den. 308 U.S. 552; Green v. United States, 188 F. 2d 48 (D. C. Cir.); Taylor v. United States, 238 F. 2d 259, 260 (D. C. Cir.).

That the petitioner may have considered Taunton as his domicil during the entire period of his imprisonment in Rhode Island and that he may have never intended to change his legal residence is irrelevant here. It may be readily conceded that a person's domicil is unaffected by an involuntary absence. However, the words of Section 63 under

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consideration are not to be equated with domicil. See People v. Carmen, 385 Ill. 23.

The petitioner's final contention is that the Commonwealth is estopped from prosecuting him for crimes committed in Massachusetts because he was forcibly taken from this jurisdiction to Rhode Island by Rhode Island officers to stand trial there. There is no merit in this contention. We need not decide whether there might be situations where the Commonwealth had participated in the illegal seizure and removal of a defendant to such an extent that it could not in fairness avail itself of the exception tolling the statute, for the record here does not reveal anything of that sort.

Exceptions overruled.