ATHOS LONGO vs. METROPOLITAN DISTRICT COMMISSION.

CUTTER, J. Longo alleges "he was lawfully crossing a center island in the roadway of the Revere Beach Parkway . . . in Revere . . . at the intersection with a parkway going to Malden and Medford" under the control of the commission and because "of a defect on . . . [the] center island

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within the limits of the constructed and traveled roadway . . . consisting of an iron rod protruding from the ground . . . was caused to be thrown to the ground" and injured. It is further alleged that due notice of the injuries was given and that the defect had existed "for an unreasonable length of time" and might have been remedied by reasonable care and diligence on the part of the commission. A motion by the Commonwealth to dismiss was allowed. Longo appealed.

Liability for certain injuries on the commission's boulevards is created by G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 92, Section 36. [Note 1] No additional liability is created by G. L. c. 258, Section 1. See Executive Air Serv. Inc. v. Division of Fisheries & Game, 342 Mass. 356, 359. To recover, Longo must show that he was "traveling on . . . [a] boulevard" and was injured by a defect "within the limits of the constructed traveled roadway" of this boulevard.

In Miles v. Commonwealth, 288 Mass. 243, 244, a decayed, dangerous tree upon a gravel strip, adjacent to a macadam roadway, was held to be a defect "within the limits of the constructed traveled roadway," where the strip "had been . . . surfaced for travel and . . . to some extent was used

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for travel." In Becker v. Boston, 321 Mass. 230, 231, 233-236, a defect in the edgestone of a reservation for street car tracks in the middle of a city street was treated as part of the public way. It appeared that the place where the defect occurred was beside a platform reserved for the use of pedestrians, [Note 2] so that it was an area over which pedestrians might reasonably be expected to travel.

We see no reason for restricting the scope of the Commonwealth's liability under c. 92, Section 36, to persons using the traveled roadway for vehicular traffic. Pedestrians may be lawfully upon the traveled roadway of a State highway or boulevard, particularly at or near intersections. Places, like safety islands and crosswalks in the center of traffic circles or dividing strips, may be adapted to or intended for pedestrian use and may also be functional parts of the management of traffic upon the boulevard. The language of Section 36 is broad enough to impose liability for injuries to pedestrians caused by defects in those portions of such safety and similar islands or strips which are within the outer limits of the traveled part of the boulevard and reasonably adapted to pedestrian use.

The dividing strip between two roadways forming a single boulevard may be so broad or so constructed that it is apparent that there was no intention or expectation that it, or some portions of it, would be used by pedestrians at all, or islands within the outer limits of boulevards may be so placed as to make it unreasonable for pedestrians to enter upon them. As to those islands and strips so placed as to be appropriate for use by pedestrians reasonably crossing a boulevard, we hold that Section 36 imposes liability to pedestrians for injury to them, notwithstanding the fact that the islands and strips are not designed for vehicular travel, if

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the other requisites of State liability are present. If the Legislature had intended to exclude such islands from the scope of Section 36, it would have been natural to include an additional exception in the section.

The precise character of the island referred to in the petition, and whether Longo was injured at a point where it was reasonable for a pedestrian to cross the island, cannot be determined until evidence is received. The allegations of the petition appropriately describe an island which may or may not be in fact a part of the traveled roadway. It was error to rule in effect that it was apparent from the record (see Tobin v. Downey, 310 Mass. 721, 722; Commissioner of Corps. & Taxn. v. Aetna Life Ins. Co. 328 Mass. 404, 409) that the Commonwealth by Section 36 had not consented to a suit against it for the injury alleged.

The order allowing the motion to dismiss is reversed and the case is remanded to the Superior Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

So ordered.