COMMONWEALTH vs. EDWARD J. WHITE.

REARDON, J. This matter comes here on an appeal from the denial of an amended second motion for a new trial in which the defendant makes several assignments of error based on (1) the alleged failure of the Municipal Court of the City of Boston to appoint counsel to represent him at arraignment and at his probable cause hearing; (2) the action of the Superior Court judge in allowing him to plead to an indictment for murder in the first degree at his arraignment without appointed counsel being present; (3) error of the Superior Court judge in not ruling that he had not intelligently and knowingly waived counsel in the Municipal Court in the light of a Department of Mental Health report relative to him; (4) the infringement of his constitutional rights by the court appointment of the same counsel to defend him as was appointed to defend his codefendant at the trial in 1948; and (5) the failure of the Superior Court judge, in view of the report received from the Department of Mental Health, to rule that mental incompetency precluded the possibility of his making a voluntary confession.

The defendant was arrested and indicted in 1947, [Note 1] and tried in 1948 for murder in the first degree. Counsel

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was appointed to represent him, and following trial he was found guilty and sentenced to death, a sentence which was commuted to life imprisonment in 1949. Further facts on the crime with which he has been charged are to be found in Commonwealth v. White, 323 Mass. 323.

The judge who presided at the trial of the defendant in 1948 having died, a second Superior Court judge was assigned to hear the amended second motion for a new trial. It is evident from his elaborate findings that he conducted a thorough review of what had occurred. It appears that counsel was appointed before, and not after, the arraignment of the defendant. Compare Chin Kee v. Commonwealth, 354 Mass. 156. The appointment of counsel occurred on September 11, 1947, with arraignment on September 29, 1947. As the judge points out, there was ample time for the filing of any pleas in abatement and, in fact, by leave of court counsel could have filed such pleas later than the arraignment date. No such requests were made.

1. There is argument before us that prejudice possibly existed from failure of proper investigation of (1) systematic exclusion of Negroes from the grand jury (the defendants at the 1948 trial being Negroes); (2) unlawful presence of persons before the grand jury; and (3) witnesses appearing before the grand jury contributing only hearsay evidence. These asseverations were based on conjecture and not supported by anything which could be considered helpful evidence. In addition, the judge was correct in determining that the defendant suffered no prejudice "from the absence of counsel at the hearings in question." His distinction between the situation at issue and that in Coleman v. Alabama, 399 U.S. 1, is apt.

2. The judge ruled there was no constitutional impediment in having one counsel represent two defendants. He noted also that this court had examined the record in Commonwealth v. White, 323 Mass. 323, pursuant to G. L. c. 278, Section 33E. We find no conflict of interest prejudicially detrimental to the defendant. Englehart v.

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Commonwealth, 353 Mass. 561, 562. Commonwealth v. Bernier, 359 Mass. 13, 23. United States v. Bentvena, 319 F. 2d 916, 937 (2d Cir.). United States v. Dardi, 330 F. 2d 316, 335 (2d Cir.).

3. The defendant alleges that it should have been found by the judge that he was too feebleminded and illiterate to make a voluntary confession. There was no question that he was of low intelligence but, as the Commonwealth asserts, we know of no law which "precluded the admission of an otherwise valid confession" by virtue of illiteracy. There is a distinction between that confession emanating from one suffering an active mental disease or personality disturbance and one coming from a defendant whose mental power is much less than average but who can still comprehend and understand what it is that he is doing when he makes a confession. Compare Commonwealth v. Eisen, 358 Mass. 740; Eisen v. Picard, 452 F. 2d 860 (1st Cir.). We are unwilling to adopt the theory that a low intelligence quotient alone makes an otherwise valid confession inadmissible. As has been elsewhere stated, each case must stand on its own merits. McAffee v. United States, 105 F. 2d 21 (D. C. Cir.) 1939. There was no error.

Order denying amended second motion for new trial affirmed.