COMMONWEALTH vs. STEPHEN L. COVIELLO.

LIACOS, J. A jury found the defendant guilty on both counts of an indictment charging rape. [Note 1] The defendant appealed the judgments of conviction. The Appeals Court set them aside, holding that the trial judge had erroneously precluded defense counsel from eliciting evidence of the defendant's prior convictions during counsel's direct examination of the defendant. [Note 2] We granted the Commonwealth's

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application for further appellate review. We affirm the judgments of conviction.

The relevant factual and procedural background of the case is set forth in the Appeals Court's decision. Essentially, the case for the prosecution was as follows: the defendant approached the victim and her companion at a cocktail lounge, and conversed with them; later in the evening, having become separated from her companion, the victim accepted the defendant's offer to drive her home in his car; the defendant drove instead to a secluded area, and forced the victim to engage in sexual activity with him.

In anticipation of the defendant's appearance on the stand, his counsel moved (in the absence of the jury) to suppress all evidence of the defendant's prior convictions [Note 3] which could be introduced by the prosecution to impeach the defendant pursuant to G. L. c. 233, Section 21. That motion was denied. [Note 4]

The defendant testified that the sexual relations between himself and the victim were consensual. At the conclusion of the direct examination of the defendant, defense counsel asked the defendant if he had ever been in court before, and the prosecutor objected. Counsel offered to prove the defendant would testify that, on two separate occasions, he pleaded guilty to "assault and battery" and to "lewd and lascivious conduct." The judge excluded the inquiry, stating: "The thing which prohibits you is the rule that says you can't impeach your own witness." The defendant duly excepted. The four convictions enumerated above (see note 3, supra), subsequently were brought out at two distinct junctures in the prosecution's

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cross-examination of the defendant. At both times, and in his charge, the judge instructed the jury appropriately with respect to the limited purpose for which the convictions could be considered.

The Appeals Court determined that reversal of the judgments against the defendant was required under either of two interpretations of Commonwealth v. Cadwell, 374 Mass. 308 (1978). [Note 5] First, the court read Cadwell as assigning to the defense "a right, equal to and coextensive with that of the prosecution, to elicit on direct examination of its own witnesses the facts concerning any convictions they may have which would be admissible in evidence if offered by the prosecution under the provisions of G. L. c. 233, Section 21." 7 Mass. App. Ct. at 24-25. We cannot agree with that construction. While some courts apparently have held that the prosecution, at least, is "entitled" to engage in the "anticipatory maneuver" described above (see, e.g., State v. Ciulla, 115 R.I. 558, 568 [1976]; United States v. Rothman, 463 F.2d 488, 490 [2d

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Cir. 1972]), this court has never so held. The essential import of Cadwell is that the jury are entitled to information regarding the witness's prior conviction as that information bears on his credibility, but that neither party has an unalterable prerogative to bring out these facts at a particular time and "in a perhaps more dramatic way." Cadwell, supra at 312. See State v. Fleming, 117 Ariz. 122 (1977); People v. DeHoyos, 64 Ill. 2d 128 (1976); see also Underwood, J., dissenting in People v. DeHoyos, supra at 133.

Alternatively, the Appeals Court grounded its reversal on the judge's failure to apply his discretionary power with regard to the order of introduction in evidence of the criminal records. We agree that "the question of who will offer a criminal record is one of the order of proof which is to be determined by the trial judge in the exercise of his discretion." Commonwealth v. Coviello, 7 Mass. App. Ct. 21, 25 (1979). See Commonwealth v. Blodgett, 377 Mass. 494, 502 (1979). Cf. Commonwealth v. Saarela, 376 Mass. 720, 723 (1978). See generally W.B. Leach & P.J. Liacos, Massachusetts Evidence 64 (4th ed. 1967). We agree also that the judge denied the defendant access to the exercise of such discretion, [Note 6] and that this denial was erroneous. [Note 7] See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Fontain, 127 Mass. 452, 455 (1879); Peterson v. Cadogan, 313 Mass. 133, 134-135 (1943). However, we think the error was not so grave as to require reversal of the convictions. At worst, [Note 8] the defendant

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was deprived of the opportunity to prevent the misleading impression (created by the initial extraction of the convictions on cross-examination) that he had tried to conceal something from the jury. Had the inquiry been permitted on direct examination he might have succeeded in drawing some of the sting. The real venom, however, the obstinate fact of the prior convictions, could not be neutralized by the anticipatory tactic. Although the element of surprise might thereby be diminished, the prosecution could still elicit the fact of the convictions on cross-examination so as effectively to damage the defendant's credibility. In this light, and viewing the substantial evidence in the record supporting the jury's verdicts, we regard the judge's failure to exercise his discretion in this matter as harmless error. See State v. Pearce, 22 Ariz. App. 338 (1974). See also State v. Gilbert, 282 Or. 309 (1978).

Because it was deemed likely to arise at a new trial, the Appeals Court also addressed an issue raised by the defendant regarding the admissibility of certain other disputed testimony. Although the question was briefed and argued before the Appeals Court, in oral argument to this court it was waived by defense counsel as an alternative basis for reversal of the convictions. Further comment on the subject is therefore unwarranted here.

Judgments of the Superior Court affirmed.