COMMONWEALTH vs. DANA T. DUTEAU (and eleven companion cases [Note 1]).

LYNCH, J. Each of the defendants in these cases was indicted in the past nineteen months for various crimes [Note 2] allegedly committed in Athol, a town which is geographically within Worcester County. The indictments were all returned by grand juries sitting in neighboring Franklin County and neither the Franklin County jury pool nor any pool from which these indicting grand jurors were chosen contained any residents of Athol. Before their respective trials each defendant moved to dismiss the indictments against him, arguing either that a Franklin County grand jury had no power to indict for crimes committed in Athol, or that, if it did have the power to so indict, the exclusion of residents of Athol from the grand jury pool violated the defendants' rights under Massachusetts statutes, and the Federal and State Constitutions. [Note 3] In April, 1981, a judge of the Superior Court sitting in Franklin County reserved and reported to the Appeals Court (pursuant to Mass. R. Crim. P. 34, 378 Mass. 905 [1979]) three questions pertaining to the defendants' motions to dismiss. We granted their motions for direct appellate review.

The questions reported are as follows: "(1) Are these indictments valid under the Declaration of Rights and the General Laws, notwithstanding that they have been returned by the Franklin Division Grand Jury but arise out of crimes allegedly committed in Athol in Worcester County and have been returned by a grand jury drawn from a pool

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inclusive of no jurors drawn from Athol or Worcester County? (2) If the answer to the first question is in the affirmative, can these indictments lawfully be tried by a Franklin Division traverse jury drawn from a pool inclusive of no jurors selected from the Town of Athol? (3) Should the Superior Court order the Clerk henceforth to send writs of venire facias to the Town of Athol to provide jurors for future sittings of the Franklin Division of the Superior Court Department of the Trial Court?" We conclude that the indictments are valid, but also that the defendants should be tried by a Franklin County traverse jury drawn from a pool which includes residents of Athol, and that henceforth residents of Athol should be included in the jury pool for all sittings of the Superior Court in Franklin County. Accordingly, we answer questions one and three, "Yes," and question two, "No."

1. Question one. The first question, which concerns the validity of the indictments returned against the defendants, raises two issues put forth in the defendants' motions to dismiss. As noted above, the first is whether a grand jury sitting in Franklin County has the power to indict for crimes allegedly committed in Athol. The second is whether that jury, if they do have the power so to indict, is a valid jury under G. L. c. 277, Section 3, and the Massachusetts and United States Constitutions, when neither the pool from which the indicting grand jury was drawn nor any other Franklin County grand jury contained any residents of Athol. We shall address these issues in turn.

Massachusetts has generally followed the common law rule that an indictment must be found, and the trial must take place, in the county where the crime occurred. See Commonwealth v. Handren, 261 Mass. 294, 296-297 (1927); K.B. Smith, Criminal Practice and Procedure Section 45, at 28 (1970). Thus in the usual case a grand jury from Franklin County would have no power to indict for crimes occurring in Athol, located in Worcester County. But under the English common law the general rule of county-wide districts applied only if parliament made no contrary

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provision; and our Legislature is similarly empowered to amend the general rule, in the absence of some constitutional limitation. See Commonwealth v. Parker, 2 Pick. 550, 554 (1824). See generally Commonwealth v. Collins, 268 Pa. 295, 300 (1920). [Note 4]

We think that St. 1979, c. 343 [Note 5] (amending G. L. c. 218) is such a contrary legislative provision. We conclude that it transfers Athol from Worcester County to Franklin County for the trial of civil and criminal cases in the Superior Court, and thus authorizes a Franklin County grand jury to indict for crimes committed in Athol. Sections 1 and 2 of that statute moved the town of Athol from the jurisdiction of the First District Court of Northern Worcester to that of the District Court of Eastern Franklin; Section 3 provided that "[f]or the purposes of all civil and criminal matters related thereto, the town of Athol shall be considered to be within the jurisdiction of the county of Franklin." The amendment does appear in c. 218 of the General Laws, the chapter pertaining to District Courts. See G. L. c. 218, Section 1. General Laws c. 212, which deals with the Superior

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Court has not been amended. Yet each county of the Superior Court is divided into the various territorial districts of the District Court. Hence, it is conceivable that the Legislature thought that a change in the District Court to which Athol was assigned was sufficient to alter as well that town's Superior Court assignment. Moreover, the statement in Section 3 of St. 1979, c. 343, is a broad one; since the "thereto" apparently refers to Athol, the statement seems to alter more than just Athol's District Court placement. Most importantly, by St. 1980, c. 231, Section 1 (amending G. L. c. 12, Section 13), the Legislature transferred responsibility for the prosecution of crimes occurring in Athol from the district attorney for the middle district, made up of Worcester County, to the district attorney for the northwestern district, made up of Franklin and Hampshire counties. [Note 6] If St. 1979, c. 343, had only the narrow goal of moving Athol from the jurisdiction of one District Court to another, the result, in combination with St. 1980, c. 231, would be the very peculiar situation of the district attorney from the northwestern district handling all criminal cases out of Athol, conducting any probable cause hearings for these cases in the District Court for Northern Franklin, but traveling to the Superior Court in Worcester County for indictment and trial of the same cases. Jury of six appeals would apparently move to Franklin County even under the narrow interpretation of the statute, thus adding to the anomaly. [Note 7] We conclude, therefore, that St. 1979, c. 343, must have also had the broader purpose of including Athol within Franklin County for the purpose relevant here, the prosecution of criminal cases in the Superior Court. [Note 8]

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As to whether any State constitutional provision limits in any way significant here the power of the Legislature to redraw a grand (or trial) jury district, art. 13 of the Declaration of Rights of the Constitution of the Commonwealth does provide that "[i]n criminal prosecutions, the verification

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of facts in the vicinity where they happen, is one of the greatest securities of the life, liberty, and property of the citizen." But in Commonwealth v. Parker, supra at 552-556, the court gave art. 13 a very nonrestrictive reading, noting that "the word `vicinity' [as used in art. 13] is not technical, with a precise legal meaning, as the word `county,'" and that art. 13 was "merely declaratory of the sense of the people, that the proof of facts in criminal prosecutions should be in the vicinity or neighborhood where they happen" id. at 552; and it concluded therefore that art. 13 was probably not designed to restrain the power of the Legislature. Even if there were some limitation derived from art. 13 on the redrawing of grand jury districts by the Legislature, it does not come into play here when the change involves a town abutting the other county. See Opinion of the Justices, 372 Mass. 883, 896-898 (1977) (legislative proposal authorizing Chief Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court to transfer trial of criminal cases from one county to an adjoining county does not violate art. 13, citing Parker). Likewise no provision of the Federal Constitution seems to limit, in ways relevant to this case, the power of the Legislature to alter the boundaries of a grand jury's jurisdiction. [Note 9] We conclude, therefore, that the grand jury for the Superior Court in Franklin County has the power to indict for crimes allegedly occurring in Athol.

We turn to the defendants' claim that the fact that neither the indicting grand jury nor any other Franklin grand jury was drawn from jury pools that contained any residents of Athol violated the defendants' rights under G. L. c. 277, Section 3. That section provides that "[g]rand jurors shall be drawn, summoned and returned in the same manner as traverse jurors," thus applying for grand juries

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the selection rules for traverse juries; and G. L. c. 234, Section 10, dealing with the selection of traverse juries, directs that such jurors should be summoned from the cities and towns within a county in proportion "as nearly as may be" to the cities' and towns' respective populations. Given our conclusion that St. 1979, c. 343, transferred Athol to Franklin County for the purpose of the prosecution of Superior Court criminal cases, the defendants quite correctly assert that the grand juries which indicted them were selected in a manner contrary to these statutory guidelines. But, as pointed out in Commonwealth v. Best, 180 Mass. 492, 493 (1902), the point of this apportionment provision is merely to equalize among county residents the duty of serving as jurors and not to give a defendant a basis for challenging an indictment, unless he can show at least some prejudice. The defendants here have not attempted such a showing. [Note 10] Thus, although we shall order future compliance with the apportionment requirements by the clerk of courts of Franklin County, see infra, we decline to dismiss these indictments on the ground of noncompliance with G. L. c. 277, Section 3.

We consider finally the defendants' claim that the exclusion of all residents of Athol from the grand jury violated the defendants' rights under the State and Federal Constitutions. The basis in the Federal Constitution for challenging the composition of a State grand jury is found in the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. See Commonwealth v. Bastarache, 382 Mass. 86, 96-97 (1980). The defendant "must show that the procedure employed [to select the grand jury] resulted in a substantial underrepresentation of his race or of an identifiable group to which he belongs." Id. at 96 [Note 11] quoting from Castaneda v. Partida,

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430 U.S. 482, 494 (1977). The defendants here cannot sustain this burden. The focus of a Federal constitutional challenge to the composition of a grand jury is on those groups whose exclusion traditionally prompts heightened equal protection scrutiny -- groups based on sex, race, color, religion, or national origin. See Commonwealth v. Bastarache, supra at 97. But the defendants make no claim that the exclusion of residents of Athol from their grand juries resulted in the underrepresentation of any of these traditional equal protection groups. Surely just the group denominated "residents of Athol" does not constitute such an "identifiable" group. Indeed Federal constitutional claims based on the exclusion of geographical groups from trial juries have repeatedly been rejected on the basis that the groups are not sufficiently distinct. See, e.g., Zicarelli v. Dietz, 633 F.2d 312, 316-320 (3d Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1083 (1981); United States v. Foxworth, 599 F.2d 1, 3-4 (1st Cir. 1979); United States v. Test, 550 F.2d 577, 581 n.4 (10th Cir. 1976); United States v. Butera, 420 F.2d 564, 571-572 (1st Cir. 1970); People v. Taylor, 39 N.Y.2d 649, 655-656 (1976). Those challenges, based on the Sixth Amendment requirement (as applied to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment) that trial juries be "drawn from a source fairly representative of the community," Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522, 538 (1975), focus not only on the exclusion of "identifiable" equal protection classes but also on the exclusion of other significant groups in the community. See Commonwealth v. Bastarache, supra at 96. [Note 12] If geographical groups are not distinct

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enough for those broader Sixth Amendment challenges, surely they are also insufficiently distinct as a basis for the Federal equal protection challenge here. Nor do the defendants have a valid claim concerning the composition of their grand juries under art. 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights. In Commonwealth v. Bastarache, supra at 102, we noted that we would view "differently" under art. 12 "a substantial, identified exclusion of any distinct, qualified segment of society from jury lists, whether or not the exclusion was intentional." But in discussing "distinct" groups (in terms of constitutional requirements) we mentioned specifically only those groupings set out in art. 1 of the Declaration of Rights, as amended by art. 106 ("sex, race, color, creed or national origin"). See Commonwealth v. Bastarache, supra at 101-102. Under art. 12 as well, therefore, the classification "residents of Athol" is insufficiently distinct for a successful constitutional challenge to the composition of the defendants' grand juries.

Apart from any claim based on equal protection or fair cross section guaranties the defendants could also argue that they have a right to have residents of Athol included in their jury pools simply because the crimes charged allegedly occurred in Athol. The claim would be, in other words, that the common law notion of "vicinage," i.e., the right to a jury drawn from the neighborhood where the crime occurred, see Blume, The Place of Trial of Criminal Cases: Constitutional Vicinage and Venue, 43 Mich. L. Rev. 59, 60 (1944), was somewhere incorporated into the State or

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Federal Constitutions. We reject this contention. Article 13 does not include any strict vicinage requirement, see Commonwealth v. Parker, 2 Pick. 550, 552-556 (1824), and we have already delineated the requirements that art. 12 places on the composition of grand (and trial) juries. As far as the Federal Constitution is concerned, we can find no vicinage requirement for State grand juries. There is, for trial juries, the Sixth Amendment requirement that those juries be "of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed." The provision has never been held to apply to the States, and might not even be relevant to State prosecutions since it is generally agreed that the word "district" therein refers to the Federal judicial districts created by Congress. See Williams v. Florida, 399 U.S. 78, 96 (1970); People v. Taylor, 39 N.Y.2d 649, 653-654 (1976); Blume, supra at 66. But see People v. Jones, 9 Cal. 3d 546, 551, 554, 556 (1973) ("district" in the Sixth Amendment includes any judicial district drawn by a State Legislature). But even assuming that the State-and-district requirement could be and was made applicable to the States, the better view is that it does not require trial jury pools to include residents of the precise community (in the sense of town or city or other significant geographic area) where the crime occurred. See Zicarelli v. Gray, 543 F.2d 466, 475-482 (3d Cir. 1976); People v. Taylor, supra at 655-656. (For a general discussion of the history of the provision, see Williams v. Florida, supra at 86-97.) Indeed where the Federal districts have been divided into divisions, many courts have found no Sixth Amendment infirmity in the trial of a defendant before jurors drawn from a division other than the one in which the crime allegedly occurred. See, e.g., United States v. Young, 618 F.2d 1281, 1288 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 844 (1980); United States v. Mase, 336 F.2d 671, 675 (2d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 916 (1978); United States v. Florence, 456 F.2d 46, 50 (4th Cir. 1972); Franklin v. United States, 384 F.2d 377, 378 (5th Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 390 U.S. 954 (1968). This Sixth Amendment point is irrelevant here in any event since we

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shall order the inclusion of residents of Athol in the defendants' trial jury pools on a nonconstitutional basis. See infra.

Questions two and three. Although our conclusion to question one is that the defendants have no statutory or constitutional claim warranting dismissal of the indictments against them, the issues posed in questions two and three involve the composition of juries not yet chosen -- the defendants' trial juries and other future grand and trial juries in Franklin County. In view of this fact we see no reason why the pool from which all future juries in Franklin County are chosen should not include residents of Athol, in compliance with the apportionment directive of G. L. c. 234, Section 10. This result seems called for by the statute; and, in any event, we mandate it as well under our general supervisory constitutional and statutory power (G. L. c. 211, Section 3) over the composition of jury lists. See Commonwealth v. Bastarache, supra at 102.

Questions one and three reported by the Superior Court judge in these cases are answered, "Yes." Question two is answered, "No." We remand these cases for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

So ordered.