COMMONWEALTH vs. KENNETH A. APPLEBY.

NOLAN, J. The defendant, Kenneth A. Appleby, appeals from his convictions of rape and kidnapping. [Note 1] He raises numerous issues concerning the right to counsel at trial, procedure, and evidence. We affirm.

The facts are sordid. For present purposes, we need give only an outline of the evidence. Facts pertinent to the issues raised will appear in appropriate sections of this opinion. In the early morning hours of October 22, 1977, the victim, a resident of New York city, was abducted from that city by the defendant and another person, James Carey Junkin, and taken by car to a house in West Springfield, Massachusetts. During the trip, the victim was at various times blindfolded, handcuffed, gagged, beaten, and forced to swallow pills. He was unconscious for a good part of the trip. Once at the house, the victim was interrogated, shackled, disrobed, and forced by Appleby and Junkin to submit to repeated acts of fellatio and sodomy. He was eventually taken to a woodshed and left there at least overnight, still blindfolded and shackled. When released from the shed, he was again interrogated and drugged. Appleby made statements to the effect that he would use torture to dominate the victim. Finally, the victim was put into a car and driven to a city that he recognized as Hartford, Connecticut, when his blindfold was removed. He was given money for bus fare to New York city when he was freed. He returned to New York city by bus and he reported the incident to the New York city police within a few days. In

Page 362

December, 1977, the victim underwent surgery to remove a testicle which had been causing him pain since the incident.

The defendant was tried before a jury in the Superior Court in Hampden County from January 21, 1980, to February 8, 1980. Upon conviction, the defendant was sentenced to the Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Walpole for eighteen to twenty-five years for rape and eight to ten years for kidnapping, the sentences to be served concurrently. On a motion to revise and revoke the sentence on the rape conviction, a different Superior Court judge imposed a term of ten to twelve years. [Note 2] It appears that the motion to revise and revoke the sentence on the kidnapping conviction had been continued at the request of the defendant. The disposition as to the assault and battery indictments was not disturbed. After Appleby filed his appeal, we took the case on our own motion. G. L. c. 211A, Section 10(A).

A. The Right to Counsel and the Motions for Continuance.

Appleby claims that the "trial court" [Note 3] erred in denying his appointed counsel's requests to withdraw and in denying Appleby's request for other counsel. He also argues that the trial judge abused his discretion by failing to allow continuances of the trial in order to permit the defendant and the appointed counsel sufficient time to prepare.

The indictments in this case were returned in July, 1978. From that time until October 17, 1979, Appleby was represented by three different attorneys who apparently were

Page 363

privately retained. During this period, a number of discovery and procedure motions were filed. [Note 4] Although the record is unclear as to why the first attorney withdrew, Appleby at some point fired the second and third attorneys. [Note 5]

On October 17, 1979, Attorney Peter Rutherford of the Massachusetts Defenders Committee was appointed to represent Appleby. There was, at first, a question whether Appleby was entitled to appointed counsel but, after an investigation by the probation department, it appears that a judge determined in early November, 1979, that Appleby was indigent. [Note 6] Between October 17 and November 30, 1979, the defendant filed more motions, and at some point, trial was scheduled for January 7, 1980.

On November 30, Mr. Rutherford filed a "motion to disappear" on the ground he could not adequately represent Appleby because Appleby had expressed a lack of confidence in the attorney's ability. [Note 7] A judge denied the motion,

Page 364

declaring his belief in Mr. Rutherford's ability. The judge then gave Appleby the choice to proceed pro se or to accept Mr. Rutherford's representation. [Note 8] Later in the hearing Appleby asked if he would be permitted to file pro se motions, and the judge told him he would. The judge instructed Mr. Rutherford to stay in the case and to take an active role in advising Appleby. When Mr. Rutherford expressed doubts concerning the arrangement, the judge stated that in making his decision he had considered the feelings of Mr. Rutherford and Appleby and "the administration of the Court and the procedure of cases to trial and the potential for delay and miscarriage of justice." Appleby did not protest the judge's decision, and it was clear that the trial was to commence on January 7, 1980.

On January 7, 1980, Appleby was arrested at the Canadian border in the State of Washington. [Note 9] When he did not appear at trial that morning, a default warrant was issued. At a hearing on that date before a second Superior Court

Page 365

judge, Mr. Rutherford renewed his motion to withdraw on substantially the same grounds as before, and the motion was again denied. Appleby waived extradition from Washington and was present for a hearing before the same judge on January 14. At this hearing, and at hearings held by that judge on January 17 and 18, and by the trial judge on January 21 and 22, Mr. Rutherford presented motions to withdraw and Appleby presented motions to appoint different counsel. Mr. Rutherford and Appleby emphasized that a breakdown of the attorney-client relationship between them had occurred and that they were not prepared for trial. The motions were all denied.

As of January 14, 1980, Appleby had not quarreled with the notion that he was representing himself with Mr. Rutherford as standby adviser, although Appleby said he wanted another lawyer and had decided to proceed pro se only because he did not want Mr. Rutherford to represent him. [Note 10] He did not request a continuance, however. At the January 17 hearing, Appleby stated that Mr. Rutherford, or any attorney from the Massachusetts Defenders Committee, would be unable to represent him adequately because they could not understand, and might be repulsed by, the homosexual and sadomasochistic aspects of the case. He claimed that such an understanding was necessary because "[t]his is a positive defense. It's consensual relationship." When Appleby said that he did not wish to represent himself, the judge instructed Mr. Rutherford that he was to represent Appleby.

In his remarks on January 21 [Note 11] and 22, the trial judge said that he had read the more than fifty motions that had been

Page 366

filed by Appleby and his various attorneys. His opinion was that Appleby had apparently caused many of his own problems and "seem[ed] to be creating this delay." He noted that Appleby had "had many hearings before many judges on the same matters we're talking about today." The judge further noted that Mr. Rutherford, whom he characterized as a highly competent attorney, was in the case for all purposes as of January 17, 1980. The judge said that Appleby had the right to conduct his own defense but that Mr. Rutherford was his attorney and, rather than being a passive adviser, Mr. Rutherford would be expected to make suggestions for the conduct of trial as though he were participating in it as counsel.

At a lobby conference the next day, Appleby and Mr. Rutherford again voiced their objections to the situation. When Appleby stated that he did not consider Mr. Rutherford to be his attorney and did not want Mr. Rutherford to speak on his behalf, the judge instructed Mr. Rutherford "to stand by as counsel, and . . . to give . . . advice at all times." The empanelment of the jury was commenced following this conference.

1. Assistance of counsel. The assistance of counsel is "deemed necessary to insure fundamental human rights of life and liberty." Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 462 (1938). It is a right accorded to every defendant, rich or poor, and zealously safeguarded by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975). Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963). However, a defendant may proceed to defend himself without counsel when he voluntarily and intelligently elects to do so. Faretta v. California, supra. An indigent defendant has the right to appointed counsel, Gideon v. Wainwright, supra, but he has no right to dictate who shall be appointed to represent him. Commonwealth v. Drolet, 337 Mass. 396, 400-401 (1958). "While a defendant may not be forced to proceed to trial with incompetent or unprepared counsel, . . . a refusal without good cause to proceed with able appointed counsel

Page 367

is a `voluntary' waiver." Maynard v. Meachum, 545 F.2d 273, 278 (1st Cir. 1976). In the present case, we conclude that Appleby's failure to proceed with Mr. Rutherford as of November 30, 1979, was without good cause and constituted a waiver of his right to counsel. [Note 12]

The only issue for decision at the hearing on November 30, 1979, was whether Mr. Rutherford, on his own motion, should be allowed to withdraw. Although Appleby was evidently dissatisfied with Mr. Rutherford, he did not request that a new lawyer be appointed at that time. The judge found that Mr. Rutherford was a competent attorney. There was no indication that either Appleby or Mr. Rutherford could not be prepared for trial on January 7, 1980. Indeed, from the number of motions filed between the time Mr. Rutherford was appointed on October 17, 1979, and the hearing on November 30, 1979, it is apparent that significant preparations for trial were being made.

Unlike the defendant in Commonwealth v. Cavanaugh, 371 Mass. 46 (1976), Appleby was not presented with a "Hobson's choice" of representing himself or of going forward with incompetent or unprepared counsel. Id. at 53-54. Appleby's apparent dissatisfaction with Mr. Rutherford and his statement that he would rather represent himself than accept Mr. Rutherford does not compel a conclusion that Mr. Rutherford's representation of Appleby was or would be incompetent or otherwise deficient. We can see no basis for inferring from this record that, as of November 30, Appleby had a constitutional right to have alternate counsel appointed. [Note 13] Moreover, it is apparent from the judge's remarks on November 30, 1979, that he reluctantly denied Mr. Rutherford's motion to withdraw because of his concern, based on his knowledge of a number of other motions filed by Appleby, that Appleby was using

Page 368

the motions as a way of delaying trial. In this context, the judge's offer to allow Appleby the choice between going forward pro se or accepting Mr. Rutherford's services was proper. "A criminal defendant may be asked, in the interest of orderly procedures, to choose between waiver and another course of action as long as the choice presented to him is not constitutionally offensive." Maynard v. Meachum, 545 F.2d 273, 278 (1st Cir. 1976). See Commonwealth v. Jackson, 376 Mass. 790, 796 (1978), and cases cited.

We have noted that at the November 30 hearing Appleby did not protest the judge's decision to require him to choose. We do not imply that Appleby waived his right to counsel by his silence. Such an implication might be constitutionally offensive. Carnley v. Cochran, 369 U.S. 506, 516 (1962). However, the determination of waiver may properly be based on "the background, experience, and conduct of the accused" and the circumstances of the case. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 (1938). The record indicates that Appleby had two years of college education and was "literate, competent, and understanding." Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835 (1975). It is also clear from Appleby previous encounters with the court and his prior dealings with various attorneys that he "was adequately aware of the seriousness of the charges, the magnitude of his undertaking, the availability of advisory counsel, and the disadvantages of self-representation." Commonwealth v. Jackson, 376 Mass. 790, 795 (1978). See Maynard v. Meachum, supra at 278-279.

The fact that Appleby refused to sign a waiver form is not conclusive of a lack of waiver, see Commonwealth v. Beneficial Fin. Co., 360 Mass. 188, 368 (1971), cert. denied sub nom. Farrell v. Massachusetts, 407 U.S. 910 and sub nom. Beneficial Fin. Co. v. Massachusetts, 407 U.S. 914 (1972), especially given his failure to protest. [Note 14] Nor did Appleby

Page 369

advance any reason of his own as to why he was dissatisfied, although he was given at least two opportunities to speak. [Note 15] Compare Commonwealth v. Moran, 388 Mass. 655, 657-658 (1983). If we take as true Appleby's later contention that Mr. Rutherford would be unable to understand the nature of the defense Appleby wished to present, [Note 16] we would not regard that as an appropriate basis for requiring the appointment of alternate counsel. [Note 17] Although Appleby claimed on January 14 that he had problems communicating with Mr. Rutherford (see note 20, infra) and on January 17 that there was a "complete breakdown" in his relationship with Mr. Rutherford, he did not mention such a breakdown at the hearing on November 30. [Note 18] The hearing judge on November 30 did not err in concluding that Appleby had waived his right to counsel. It was therefore not improper for that judge and succeeding judges to deny Mr. Rutherford's motions to withdraw and to require him to serve as standby counsel.

Page 370

As of November 30, when Appleby waived his right to counsel, the trial was scheduled to begin on January 7. Because Appleby had fled the jurisdiction, trial did not begin on that date. In these circumstances, we think that Appleby's later claims of communication problems and "complete breakdown" and his requests for an appointed attorney came "within the broad discretionary power of a court over requests for last-minute shifts in representation which threaten to delay a proceeding." Commonwealth v. Jackson, 376 Mass. 790, 796-797 (1978), and cases cited. The judges who ruled on the motions were justified in concluding that the motions were made as dilatory tactics even if the effect of the denials was to leave Appleby without counsel. See Commonwealth v. Jackson, supra at 796.

2. Motions for continuance. We can see no error in the trial judge's denials of the motions for continuances. [Note 19] Such motions are addressed to "the sound discretion of the judge, whose action will not be disturbed unless there is a patent abuse of discretion." Commonwealth v. Funderberg, 374 Mass. 577, 580 (1978). The denials here did not operate "as to impair the constitutional right to have counsel who has had reasonable opportunity to prepare a defense." Commonwealth v. Cavanaugh, 371 Mass. 46, 51 (1976). As of September 4, 1979, when his motion for speedy trial was allowed, Appleby was on notice that the case would be called for trial in the near future. The denial of his motion for a continuance on September 21 gave him further notice. Although Appleby was granted a continuance from October

Page 371

24 to November 5, the denial of his motion for continuance on November 15 reaffirmed that trial was imminent. Appleby did not indicate at the hearing on November 30 that he could not be ready for trial on January 7, and the record indicates that a number of discovery and procedural motions had been filed by that time. Any lack of preparedness on Appleby's part or on the part of Mr. Rutherford from the time of that hearing until January 17 can be attributed to Appleby, who was acting pro se during that time and who bore the risk of his own failure to prepare or to cooperate with Mr. Rutherford. [Note 20] See Commonwealth v. Blasser, 2 Mass. App. Ct. 754, 758-760 (1975).

The trial judge indicated that he would do all that he could to see that Mr. Rutherford was furnished with whatever

Page 372

ever information he needed. He also offered Appleby a few days to discuss the case with Mr. Rutherford, but Appleby refused, saying he did not want Mr. Rutherford to represent him because of the "irreconcilable breakdown." In making his decision, the trial judge noted that the "case has been lingering in this court since 1978" and that he was "not going to plow the same ground . . . plowed before the other . . . Judges." It is apparent that he balanced the claims of Appleby and Mr. Rutherford, on the one hand, against the rights of the Commonwealth, on the other. [Note 21] See Commonwealth v. Cavanaugh, 371 Mass. 46, 51 (1976). The judge's determination that the interests of the Commonwealth in an orderly and expeditious trial outweighed the defendant's reasons for a continuance was, on these facts, not an abuse of discretion. [Note 22]

B. The Voir Dire Examination of Prospective Jurors.

The defendant contends that the judge's questions on voir dire were insufficient in light of the extensive publicity and the "sensational aspects of homosexuality, the black arts and Naziism." Although during empanelment there was discussion of voir dire questions submitted by Appleby, the record does not contain a copy of any questions he submitted. Nor

Page 373

does the record reveal any mention of Naziism or the "black arts" prior to the voir dire. We have also not been supplied with any documentation concerning the nature and extent of the publicity that the case received. The judge did reveal the nature of the charges to the assembled venire, and he asked them generally if any of them were aware of any bias or prejudice, or whether any one would be too embarrassed by the nature of the evidence to serve on the jury. He also asked each juror individually a series of questions which satisfied the constitutional and statutory requirements for jury selection. [Note 23] See Commonwealth v. Sowers, 388 Mass. 207, 210-214 (1983); G. L. c. 234, Section 28. The number and form of the questions to be asked on voir dire are within the discretion of the judge. Commonwealth v. Sowers, supra at 213. There was no error in the judge's refusal to ask all the voir dire questions submitted by Appleby. See Commonwealth v. Hobbs, 385 Mass. 863, 872-875 (1982). Although a number of jurors indicated that they had seen or read something about this case, about Appleby's flight to Washington, or about his previous case, all those who were declared indifferent by the judge stated that this information would not affect their judgment or that they knew of no reason why they could not judge the case fairly and impartially. See Commonwealth v. Jackson, 376 Mass. 790, 799 (1978). "Qualified jurors need not . . . be totally ignorant of the facts and issues involved." Murphy v. Florida, 421 U.S. 794, 799-800 (1975). We note also that the jurors were sequestered during trial, and there is no contention that prejudicial material reached them. [Note 24]

Page 374

C. The Admission and Exclusion of Certain Items of Physical Evidence.

Appleby claims error in the judge's admission and exclusion of certain items as physical evidence.

1. A Massachusetts State police officer who had participated in a search of Appleby's home in June, 1978, identified at trial a white cloth "voodoo" doll [Note 25] as one he had found in Appleby's safe. When found, the doll bore the name James Carey Junkin. The doll was marked for identification and subsequently admitted in evidence over Appleby's objection and motion for mistrial.

Appleby now contends that the admission of the doll was highly prejudicial because "[t]he doll displayed various black magic incantations." Aside from Junkin's name, the only words now visible on the doll are "Venus Here [sic] Me," which are printed on the back. Appleby has not directed us to any place in the record where there is mention of black magic or voodoo prior to the time the doll was admitted. Indeed, these topics apparently did not arise until Appleby later questioned Junkin [Note 26] in what Appleby asserts

Page 375

was an effort to counteract the effect of the doll's admission. There was no error. The doll was relevant as corroboration of the victim's testimony that Junkin, who as yet had not been located, was present at the scene of the crime. The judge implicitly found that the doll's probative value outweighed any prejudicial effect. See Commonwealth v. Chretien, 383 Mass. 123, 134-136 (1981). In any event given Appleby's lengthy examination of Junkin, [Note 27] Junkin's admission of involvement in the crime, and the relatively innocuous words printed on the doll, any error related to the admission of the doll was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

2. Appleby alleges error in the admission of a letter signed by Junkin on the ground that the letter contained references to the Nazi party which were prejudicial to Appleby. Appleby characterizes the letter as "essentially a pledge of allegiance to the Nazi party." The letter was first mentioned at trial by Junkin in response to a question from Appleby. Junkin stated that Appleby had forced him to sign the letter "under the pains of death," that Appleby was

Page 376

supposedly a leader of the Fourth Reich, and that Appleby had told him that he (Junkin) would in time take his "rightful position as the head of the Fourth Reich." Although this answer was not responsive to Appleby's question, Appleby did not move to strike it but instead attempted to cross-examine Junkin on the credibility of Junkin's statement. [Note 28] The Commonwealth later attempted to introduce a copy of the letter as corroboration of Junkin's testimony that he had signed such a letter. The letter was not admitted initially but was later admitted over Appleby's objection, after Appleby had questioned Junkin further on the topic of Naziism. The jury were instructed that the letter was admitted only for the limited purpose of corroborating Junkin's testimony and not for the truth of the matter asserted therein. In light of the fact that the Commonwealth did not, aside from having the letter introduced, mention Naziism, that Appleby attempted to exploit Junkin's statement by cross-examination, and that Appleby was warned that his continued questioning concerning the letter might open the door to its admission, the judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting the evidence. We assume that the jury understood and followed the limiting instructions. Commonwealth v. Jackson, 388 Mass. 98, 104 (1983), and cases cited.

3. Appleby did not object to the admission of certain handcuffs and shackles which the victim had identified as being those used to bind him, or as being similar to those used to bind him. A State police officer later testified that he had found both items during a search of Appleby's home. On the evidence, the jury could properly infer that the handcuffs and shackles were the ones used by Appleby and

Page 377

Junkin. See Commonwealth v. Jackson, supra, and cases cited. There was no error.

4. There was no error in the admission of five photographs taken at Appleby's residence by State police during a search there in June, 1978. Prior to admission, there was a bench conference and voir dire on the photographs during which the judge heard Appleby's objections as to the photographs' relevancy and prejudicial effect. The pictures were relevant to corroborate the testimony of the victim, who was blindfolded during his captivity, as to the layout of Appleby's residence. We note also that Junkin testified that two of the photographs depicted Appleby's residence substantially as it was in October, 1977, with the exception that some of the objects depicted may have been arranged differently, and he also identified two of the pictures as depicting specific items in Appleby's house. The question of prejudice is a matter for the sound discretion of the judge, Commonwealth v. Jackson, 388 Mass. 98, 103 (1983), and cases cited, and we perceive no abuse of that discretion.

5. Appleby alleges as error the judge's refusal to admit in evidence a will in which Appleby claims he named Junkin as his sole beneficiary. Appleby contends that the will would impeach Junkin's testimony that he had been enslaved by Appleby. Appleby was allowed to testify as to the contents of the will and to the fact that he had discussed the will with Junkin. In these circumstances, any error in refusing to admit the will was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

D. Appleby's Other Contentions.

We consider Appleby's other contentions, none of which has merit.

1. All the jurors who were seated and who had admittedly heard or seen news reports of this case, of Appleby's earlier case, or of his flight swore either that this information would not affect their judgment or that they knew no reason why they could not judge the case fairly and impartially. The defendant did not exercise all his challenges. There was no error in the denial of the motions for change

Page 378

of venue or dismissal based on pretrial publicity. See Commonwealth v. Gilday, 367 Mass. 474, 492 (1975).

2. The judge did not improperly restrict cross-examination of the victim, and Appleby was not deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation by the judge's evidentiary rulings. While a defendant is allowed to ask questions demonstrating the bias of a witness, we fail to see how the questions propounded by Appleby, directed primarily to the victim's life-style and knowledge of the homosexual community, could have demonstrated bias. There was no error in the judge's refusal to permit further questions on these subjects. As to Appleby's other contentions on this point, we note that the victim repeatedly denied having known Junkin before the incident, testified that he had been taken by force to West Springfield, denied knowing anything about a large sum of money which Appleby claimed had been stolen from him by Junkin and in conspiracy with the victim, and denied having threatened Appleby. The defendant was allowed great latitude on cross-examination of the victim.

3. Appleby has not shown that the judge abused his discretion by not recalling the out-of-State victim, who had already testified for over seven hours on cross-examination. See Commonwealth v. Hicks, 375 Mass. 274, 276-277 (1978).

4. Appleby attempted to question a former chief of the Springfield police department about a report which Appleby had given him in April, 1978, concerning a recent theft of money from Appleby. At the time of this questioning, there was no evidence that such a theft had occurred, although Appleby referred to a theft in his opening statement to that effect. The judge disallowed the question on the grounds that there was no proper foundation and that the testimony would be hearsay, but he said that Appleby could recall the witness if a proper foundation was later established. At the close of his questioning of this witness, Appleby acknowledged that he could recall the witness but he did not later do so. There was no error in the judge's exclusion of the question.

Page 379

5. It does not appear from any part of the record to which our attention has been directed that Appleby requested an instruction on assault and battery as a lesser included offense to rape. He did not object to the judge's omission of such an instruction. In these circumstances, we consider the claim of error only in so far as any error might create a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice. Commonwealth v. Freeman, 352 Mass. 556, 563-564 (1967). The victim testified that Appleby forced him to submit to acts of fellatio and sodomy against his will. Appleby repeatedly denied having sexual relations with the victim. Without deciding whether an instruction on assault and battery would have been warranted if requested, a verdict of simple assault and battery on this evidence was not a reasonable possibility. See Commonwealth v. Richmond, 379 Mass. 557, 563 (1980).

6. Junkin testified that he had reviewed the grand jury minutes prior to surrendering himself and that this review refreshed his recollection of "[t]he basic facts and sequence of events." Junkin claimed an attorney-client privilege as to why and by whom he was given the grand jury minutes, and the judge permitted the claim. There was no offer of proof as to what relevant evidence was shielded from disclosure to the jury by the claim of privilege, see Commonwealth v. O'Brien, 377 Mass. 772, 775-776 (1979), and we see no ground for mistrial because Junkin had seen the grand jury minutes. See Commonwealth v. Fiore, 364 Mass. 819, 823 (1974) (grand jury minutes may be used to refresh memory).

7. A Massachusetts State police officer testified that on January 11, 1980, he saw Appleby in Bellingham, Washington. An assistant clerk of the Superior Court in Hampden County testified that on January 7, 1980, a default warrant and capias issued on one of the indictments for which Appleby was then about to stand trial. There was no error in admission of the testimony as evidence of consciousness of guilt. There is no showing that the prejudicial nature of this testimony outweighed its probative value. It was open

Page 380

to Appleby to rebut this evidence. See Commonwealth v. Toney, 385 Mass. 575, 582-584 (1982).

8. In response to a question from the assistant district attorney concerning a document, Junkin stated that "[t]his is the document that I signed with a gun at my head by Mr. Appleby." There is no indication that the Commonwealth elicited the statement in bad faith. At the suggestion of Mr. Rutherford, Appleby moved for a mistrial on the ground that the remark concerning the gun was prejudicial. The judge denied the motion and informed Appleby that he might move to strike the comment. Appleby did not move to strike, nor did he request curative instructions. There was no error in the denial of the motion for mistrial. See Commonwealth v. Simmonds, 386 Mass. 234, 240-242 (1982).

9. Appleby suggests as an issue on appeal the judge's refusal to allow him to inquire into Junkin's "prior sexual conduct, history and background." The issue, however, is nowhere argued in the brief. We deem the issue waived. Mass. R. A. P. 16 (a) (4), as amended, 367 Mass. 919 (1975). Without commenting on the relevancy of the questions, we note that Appleby was, in any event, allowed to question Junkin extensively on these matters. See generally Commonwealth v. Chretien, 383 Mass. 123, 136-138 (1981).

10. The judge did not abuse his discretion by refusing to issue subpoenas for certain out-of-State witnesses. See Commonwealth v. Watkins, 375 Mass. 472, 488 (1978). Appleby did not request subpoenas for these witnesses until after the trial began. Appleby requested and was given the medical records of the surgery on the victim's testicle but he chose not to introduce them at trial. The extent of the victim's injuries was not a material issue and we can see no basis for requiring the testimony of the out-of-State doctors. [Note 29] The judge specifically found that there had been no prima facie showing that the testimony of the other out-of-State

Page 381

witnesses would be relevant or competent, and Appleby acknowledged that certain in-State witnesses would be able to give testimony similar to that Appleby hoped to elicit from the out-of-State witnesses.

11. The judge did not abuse his discretion by refusing to declare Junkin a hostile witness. See Commonwealth v. Monahan, 349 Mass. 139, 162-163 (1965). In any event, it is apparent that Appleby was permitted great freedom in the form and substance of his questions to this witness.

The judgments are affirmed, and the Commonwealth's appeal from the allowance of the motion to revise and revoke the sentence on the rape conviction is dismissed.

So ordered.