POLAROID CORPORATION & others [Note 1] vs. COMMISSIONER OF REVENUE.

WILKINS, J. Polaroid Corporation (Polaroid) and its subsidiaries have conducted a unitary business in the United States and in numerous foreign countries for the purpose of the design, manufacture, and marketing of a variety of products, primarily in the field of photography. Well after the plaintiffs had filed their corporate excise returns for the years 1979 and 1980, the Commissioner of Revenue (commissioner) [Note 2] redetermined their corporate excises for those years based on a worldwide unitary apportionment of the combined income of Polaroid and its various subsidiaries. In September, 1983, he made assessments of the plaintiffs' corporate excises amounting to approximately $5,500,000 more than shown on the plaintiffs' returns. In October, 1983, the plaintiffs paid those additional assessments with interest. By that time, they had already filed this action in the Supreme Judicial Court for the county of Suffolk, seeking a declaratory judgment that the commissioner's action was unlawful. A single justice reserved decision and reported the case to the full court on the complaint, the answer, and a statement of agreed facts. [Note 3]

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The primary question at issue between the commissioner and Polaroid is the extent of the commissioner's statutory authority to employ a "unitary business" approach in determining a corporation's Massachusetts taxable net income (G. L. c. 63, Sections 38, 38A, 42A) to which the applicable tax rate 8.33%) is to be applied (G. L. c. 63, Sections 32, 39). This approach involves combining the income of all affiliated corporations and determining the portion of that income attributable to Massachusetts by a formula that is based on the relationship of Massachusetts property, payroll, and sales to worldwide property, payroll, and sales. See G. L. c. 63, Section 38 (c). There is no doubt that it is permissible under the Constitution of the United States for Massachusetts to determine the plaintiffs' corporate excises by the use of the "unitary business" approach. See Container Corp. of Am. v. Franchise Tax Bd., 463 U.S. 159 (1983). See also Becton, Dickinson & Co. v. Department of Revenue, 383 Mass. 786, 788-789 (1981). A second question is whether the commissioner may implement this method of determining a corporation's taxable net income allocated to Massachusetts without first adopting appropriate regulations, pursuant to the State Administrative Procedure Act (G. L. c. 30A).

We conclude that, whatever authority the commissioner has to use a "unitary business" approach would have to be found in G. L. c. 63, Section 39A, and that he could properly exercise that authority only pursuant to "reasonable rules of apportionment" (G. L. c. 63, Section 39A) promulgated in accordance with the procedures for the adoption of administrative regulations set forth in G. L. c. 30A. No such rules have been promulgated. Our conclusion on this question disposes of the issue of the propriety of the commissioner's additional assessments of the plaintiffs' corporate excises for 1979 and 1980. In order to clarify a matter of public importance, however, we add that, quite apart from the absence of necessary regulations, the commissioner lacks statutory authority to use the "unitary business" approach in the circumstances of this case.

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Polaroid was organized as a corporation in 1937 under the laws of Delaware and, since 1937, has been a Massachusetts corporate taxpayer subject to the excise imposed by G. L. c. 63. The other three plaintiff corporations are wholly owned subsidiaries of Polaroid which are qualified to do business in Massachusetts. [Note 4] Additionally, Polaroid owns all the stock of twenty-six subsidiaries (foreign subsidiaries) incorporated under the laws of various countries around the world and subject to taxation in their countries of incorporation. None of the foreign subsidiaries filed any income tax return in this country for 1979 and 1980. The commissioner does not contest that during those years none of them was engaged in a trade or business in this country for Federal income tax purposes.

The commissioner made no adjustments for intercompany transfers or for payments made in excess of fair value in his audits of the plaintiffs for 1979 and 1980. For the purposes of this case, the commissioner does not contest that Polaroid and its subsidiaries conduct transactions with each other at arm's length, and Polaroid does not contest that the business of Polaroid and its subsidiaries is unitary within applicable State and Federal constitutional standards.

For each year since 1972 those plaintiffs in existence participated in a Massachusetts consolidated return of income, reporting the taxable net income of each determined by separately adjusting its Federal gross income and separately apportioning the taxable net income of each corporation to Massachusetts, without reference to the income and activities of any other Polaroid affiliate. Prior to 1979 neither the commissioner nor any predecessor questioned the over-all method followed by the plaintiffs, and none of them assessed the corporate excise on

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the plaintiffs based on a unitary apportionment of the combined property, payroll, sales, and income of Polaroid and its subsidiaries. In 1982, however, the commissioner sent the plaintiffs a "unitary questionnaire" and conducted an audit of their returns. As a result of the audit, the commissioner redetermined the income portions of the plaintiffs' corporate excises by apportioning the combined earnings before taxes of Polaroid and all its subsidiaries, as reported in Polaroid's 1979 and 1980 annual reports to its stockholders. [Note 5] Notices of the assessments and this action then followed.

The commissioner's claim of statutory authority to impose a unitary system for determining the plaintiffs' Massachusetts taxable net income rests almost entirely on language appearing at the end of the first paragraph of G. L. c. 63, Section 39A, as amended through St. 1976, c. 415, Section 33. [Note 6] That paragraph, with the crucial language italicized, reads as follows: "The net income of a foreign corporation which is a subsidiary of another corporation or closely affiliated therewith by stock ownership shall be determined by eliminating all payments to the parent corporation or affiliated corporations in excess of fair value, and by including fair compensation to such foreign corporation for all commodities sold to or services performed for the parent corporation or affiliated corporations. For the purposes of determining such net income, the commissioner may, in the absence of satisfactory evidence to the contrary, presume that an apportionment by reasonable rules of the consolidated net income of corporations participating in the filing of a consolidated return of net income to the federal government fairly reflects the net income taxable under this chapter, or may otherwise

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equitably determine such net income by reasonable rules of apportionment of the combined income of the subsidiary, its parent and affiliates or any thereof." See G. L. c. 63, Section 33, for identical language concerning domestic (Massachusetts) corporations.

Polaroid and various amici curiae argue that this paragraph is concerned exclusively with the absence of arm's length dealing between affiliates and point out that, for the purposes of this case, it is agreed that all such transactions were at arm's length. The commissioner, joined by other amici curiae, discerns a far broader grant of authority in the italicized language. Each side argues, eloquently and extensively, that its interpretation of Section 39A is supported by legislative history, that failure to use the asserted authority between 1933 and 1982 is or is not significant, and that the statutory framework of G. L. c. 63 will aid the court in arriving at a conclusion favorable to it. We shall return to this contest in some of its aspects, but, for the moment, we need not decide whose intellectual firepower is on target.

If the italicized language of Section 39A has the global significance, literally and figuratively, for which the commissioner argues, he is confronted with the statutory requirement that net income must be determined "by reasonable rules of apportionment." G. L. c. 63, Section 39A. If he is right, any rules of apportionment under Section 39A cannot be adopted on a case by case basis. Such rules would be a "regulation" as defined in G. L. c. 30A, Section 1 (5) (a "rule . . . of general application and future effect"). The commissioner, as an "agency" (G. L. c. 30A, Section 1 [2]), must comply with the requirements of G. L. c. 30A for the adoption of a regulation. See G. L. c. 14, Section 6. He has adopted no regulations under Section 39A applicable to 1979 and 1980. [Note 7]

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Decisions made without required regulations are invalid. Massachusetts Gen. Hosp. v. Commissioner of Pub. Welfare, 346 Mass. 739, 741 (1964). Cf. Tedford v. Massachusetts Hous. Fin. Agency, 390 Mass. 688, 695 (1984). Corporate affiliates should have advance notice of their rights and obligations under a unitary approach. The retroactive imposition of new tax "rules" on a selective basis can be unfair to taxpayers. In any event, G. L. c. 30A requires the adoption of regulations, even if the commissioner were held to have authority under Section 39A to use the unitary approach.

What we have said to this point establishes that the commissioner did not lawfully apply the unitary approach to Polaroid in 1979 and 1980. That conclusion, however, leaves unanswered the underlying question which is of importance to the commissioner, corporate taxpayers, and others. That question, as it may now be restated, is whether, pursuant to lawfully adopted regulations, the commissioner has the authority to impose a unitary business approach on affiliated corporations, some of which may be foreign (non-U.S.) corporations, to determine the income-based component of the corporate excise. We think it appropriate to undertake to resolve this issue.

The language in Section 39A on which the commissioner relies, considered in isolation, could be read to authorize the unitary approach. We find no contrary view required either by the nonuse of the supposed authority for almost fifty years from the adoption of that language in 1933, or by the failure of the Legislature to enact explicit authorization of the unitary approach. [Note 8] Statutory authority (like an easement in land) is not subject to atrophy or abandonment merely from nonuse. Legislative inaction gives no instructive signal concerning the construction of a statute enacted by a prior Legislature, particularly one enacted decades earlier. See Franklin v. Albert, 381 Mass. 611, 615 (1980); Massachusetts Comm'n Against Discrimination v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 371 Mass. 186, 193-194 (1976).

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It is true, of course, that the commissioner's recently adopted view does not deserve the deference we would have given to an interpretation contained in a regulation promulgated shortly after enactment of a statute. See Xtra, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue, 380 Mass. 277, 282 (1980).

On the other hand, words of a statute must be construed in association with other statutory language and the general statutory plan. Most of Section 39A concerns the problem of, and means of solution for, a situation in which the taxable net income of a corporation may be artifically depressed because of less than arm's length transactions between affiliates.

One might well wonder whether the Legislature intended to grant broad authority, such as the commissioner finds, by a seemingly modest phrase added to Section 39A, as will be seen, as an afterthought. The first sentence of Section 39A mandates correction of the consequences of less than arm's length transactions. The first portion of the second sentence concerns the treatment of corporations that file consolidated returns with the Federal government. If the last portion of the second sentence of Section 39A has as broad an effect as the commissioner says it does, he can ignore the mandate of the first sentence of Section 39A, and the authorization of the first portion of the second sentence is unnecessary. [Note 9] There are provisions in other sections of G. L.

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c. 63 that also present grounds for doubt about finding an intended grant of broad authority in the language of Section 39A. [Note 10]

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The foregoing considerations suggest that the commissioner's authority under Section 39A is not as broad as he claims. In our resolution of this issue, we find dispositive the legislative and judicial background of the enactment of the first paragraph of Section 39A. The 1933 revision of Section 39A was made in response to the opinion of this court in Commissioner of Corps. & Taxation v. J.G. McCrory Co., 280 Mass. 273 (1932). The taxpayer was a Massachusetts corporation doing business wholly in the Commonwealth. Its stock was owned by a Delaware corporation which did business in New York and owned various other subsidiaries. The commissioner concluded that the Massachusetts return did not show the taxpayer's true net income, assets, and liabilities. He estimated the excise by apportioning the income of the joint enterprise shown on its consolidated Federal tax return to the taxpayer based on the relationship of Massachusetts activities and property to the total of all activities and property of the consolidated enterprise. The Board of Tax Appeals found that the taxpayer's return as filed was correct and, in effect, that all transactions were at arm's length. Id. at 275-276, 278. That board concluded that the commissioner had no authority to recalculate the taxpayer's corporate excess and net income as he had, and this court agreed. Id. at 279. Significantly, the court said that the method followed by the commissioner on the facts disclosed (i.e., arm's length dealing) would conflict with the due process of law requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment in measuring one corporation's excise by reference to "property or income not belonging to the corporation sought to be taxed." Id. at 280. Right or wrong (and today it is wrong), this court stated that a unitary approach of the sort the commissioner wanted to apply would be unconstitutional, at least where the intercompany transactions were at arm's length.

The commissioner was concerned that our McCrory opinion would provide a clear means for corporations to avoid Massachusetts tax obligations. Early in 1933, he recommended legislation "in order to prevent wholesale evasion by means of subsidiary and controlled corporations of the manufacturing and business corporation excise tax law." 1933 House Doc. No.

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69. He proposed an amendment to Section 39A (and Section 33) which contained the language adopted as Section 39A with one minor change, [Note 11] but without the crucial concluding language on which the present commissioner relies in this case. 1933 House Bill No. 71. That concluding language was added to the bill as enacted (St. 1933, c. 303, Section 2) for reasons not apparent in the legislative history.

We know that the commissioner was concerned about tax evasion by means of intercorporate transactions that would depress the corporate excess and income of corporations subject to taxation in Massachusetts. He sought authority to make adjustments to correct the effect of less than arm's length transactions. He did not recommend that he be granted authority to use a unitary system such as he had tried to apply to the McCrory company, its parent, and other subsidiaries. As we just noted, this court had said within four months of his recommendation that such an approach would not be constitutional. Commissioner of Corps. & Taxation v. J.G. McCrory Co., supra at 280. In such a situation we conclude that the Legislature did not intend by its amendment of Section 39A to grant authority to the commissioner to engage in a practice that was then thought to be constitutionally impermissible.

The commissioner relies on G. L. c. 63, Section 42, as amended by St. 1969, c. 599, Section 1, to support his authority to use the unitary approach. It does not. The first paragraph of Section 42 permits "a corporation" to apply to the commissioner to have its Massachusetts derived income allocated by a method other than that set forth in Section 38. The cases of Becton, Dickinson & Co. v. Department of Revenue, 383 Mass. 786 (1981), and W.R. Grace & Co. v. Commissioner of Revenue, 378 Mass. 577 (1977), involved unsuccessful attempts by corporations to require the commissioner to permit them to use alternative apportionment methods. Section 42 applies only when a corporation seeks permission to use alternative allocation and apportionment

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methods. The second paragraph allows the commissioner to use some reasonable alternative approach if the provisions of G. L. c. 63 "are not reasonably adapted to approximate the corporation's net income derived from business carried on within this commonwealth" (emphasis supplied). The commissioner's authority to use an alternative allocation approach applies only to "the corporation" which has applied for relief under Section 42. We add that Section 42 appears to have nothing to do with determining a corporation's taxable net income but only concerns the formula used to apportion that income. Thus Section 42 itself seems not to authorize a unitary approach of the type adopted by the commissioner in this case to determine taxable net income even of a corporation seeking relief under Section 42.

This case is remanded to the county court for entry of a declaratory judgment that the commissioner's additional assessments of the plaintiffs' corporate excises were unlawful.

So ordered.