This is a purported appeal by the district attorney for the Northern District from an order entered by a single justice of this court granting only part of his application under G. L. c. 233, Section 20E (1984 ed.), for immunity for a witness who had invoked her privilege against self-incrimination before a grand jury. Three Justices of this court (Hennessey, C.J., Wilkins, J., and Lynch, J.) are of the opinion that the appeal is properly here (G. L. c. 231, Section 114 [1984 ed.]) and, in any event, the substantive issues should be addressed by the court pursuant to this court's powers of general superintendency. Three Justices of this court (Liacos, J., Nolan, J., and O'Connor, J.) are of the opinion that there is no statutory right of appeal from the single justice's order and that the court may not exercise its general superintendency powers in the circumstances. The single justice (Abrams, J.) is aware of the provision in Mass. R. A. P. 24 (b), 365 Mass. 872 (1974), that permits her participation in the full court's decision (because of the equal division of her colleagues) but elects in her discretion not to participate in deciding the appeal.

Appeal dismissed.

The defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree. A Superior Court judge subsequently granted the defendant's motion for a new trial, reasoning that the defendant's confession had been admitted in evidence without the judge's finding that it was made voluntarily beyond a reasonable doubt (see Commonwealth v. Day, 387 Mass. 915, 920-921 [1983]; Commonwealth v. Tavares, 385 Mass. 140, 152, cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1137 [1982]), and that the defendant may have made his statements relying on a plea agreement and related statements which the defendant thought granted him immunity. The Commonwealth appealed. At trial, the judge had found that the statement was voluntary by a preponderance of the evidence, and that the jury would be warranted in finding the statement voluntary beyond

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a reasonable doubt. We affirm the judge's granting of the defendant's motion for a new trial.

Granting a motion for a new trial is within the discretion of the judge, and we will overturn his decision only if there was an abuse of that discretion. Commonwealth v. Preston, 393 Mass. 318, 324-325 (1984). Commonwealth v. Cook, 380 Mass. 314, 320-321 (1980). The judge had presided at trial, and was in the best position to evaluate not only the credibility of witnesses, but also the standard the judge had applied in admitting the defendant's statements. See Commonwealth v. Grace, 397 Mass. 303, 307 (1986); Commonwealth v. Preston, supra at 324; Commonwealth v. DeChristoforo, 360 Mass. 531, 542 (1971). We conclude that the judge would have been warranted in concluding that reasonable doubt might have existed whether the defendant's statement was voluntary, because of statements made by the prosecutor relative to the plea agreement and because of the defendant's ongoing relationship with the prosecutors, receiving favorable treatment in return for cooperation. Therefore, the judge did not abuse his discretion in granting the defendant's motion for a new trial.

The Commonwealth argues that the voluntariness of the statement was never a live issue at trial, and that the judge was therefore not required to rule on that issue. See Commonwealth v. Alicea, 376 Mass. 506, 523 (1978). We disagree with the Commonwealth's analysis. The defendant's motion to suppress asserted that his statement was "privileged under the terms of his plea agreement" with the district attorney's office, and did not expressly raise the voluntariness of his statement. Nevertheless, we conclude that the judge was warranted in treating the defendant's assertion of his reliance on privilege under the plea agreement as raising the issue of voluntariness; we note that whether a judge may raise voluntariness sua sponte is a different question from whether a judge must raise voluntariness sua sponte. See Commonwealth v. Cartagena, 386 Mass. 285, 288-289 (1982); Commonwealth v. Alicea, supra; Commonwealth v. Harris, 371 Mass. 462, 471-473 (1976). The judge was warranted in concluding that the issue of voluntariness of the defendant's statements had been raised. See Gunsby v. Wainwright, 596 F.2d 654, 655-656 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 946 (1979).

Order setting aside verdict and granting motion for new trial affirmed.