JOHN MCDONALD [Note 1] vs. CONSOLIDATED RAIL CORPORATION. [Note 2]

LIACOS, J. On August 14, 1978, the sixteen year old plaintiff, while traveling by bus from Vermont to Maryland, encountered a thirty-minute layover in Springfield, Massachusetts. During that delay, he left the bus station and wandered onto a nearby railroad trestle owned by the defendant. While he was on the trestle, a Conrail freight train moving at six to eight miles an hour approached him. The operator of the train (the conductor) first saw the plaintiff from a distance of 1,250 feet. The train could have been stopped within a space of 150 feet. The plaintiff waved to the conductor, and, when the train was 120 feet from the plaintiff, he disappeared behind a girder. When the train was fifty feet away from him, the plaintiff reappeared on the railroad track. When approximately thirty feet from the plaintiff, the conductor braked the train, but the plaintiff was hit by it. The plaintiff was knocked off the trestle to the rocks of the Connecticut River, forty feet below. He suffered serious injuries.

At trial, the plaintiff stipulated that he had been a trespasser on Conrail's trestle at the time of his injury. He made no claim that Conrail's agents acted recklessly, wantonly, or wilfully. The case was sent to the jury on special questions after the plaintiff seasonably objected to the judge's instructions on the duty of care that is owed to child trespassers. The jury found that: (a) the plaintiff was "able to appreciate and realize the risk involved in trespassing" on the bridge; (b) the plaintiff was not "helplessly trapped in a position of peril . . . prior to the accident"; and (c) the defendant was not negligent, either "in failing to eliminate a danger or to otherwise protect children trespassers from an artificial condition on its land" or "in the operation of [its] train."

On October 1, 1984, judgment was entered for the defendant, and the plaintiff appealed. One month later, the plaintiff sought

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relief from judgment and a new trial, and he petitioned the court to question a juror "as to his bias and/or prejudice during the trial." The judge denied the plaintiff's motions, and he appealed. We transferred the case to this court on our own motion.

The plaintiff argues that a new trial is required (1) because the judge erroneously instructed the jury concerning the common law duty of care owed to foreseeable child trespassers; (2) because he was prejudiced by the judge's failure to give a promised instruction; and (3) because the judge erred in denying his motion to question a juror and his motion for a new trial. There was no error.

1. Jury instructions. The judge instructed the jury that ordinarily the defendant would owe the plaintiff, a trespasser, a duty of care only to refrain from wilful, wanton, or reckless conduct that might cause him injury. See Pridgen v. Boston Hous. Auth., 364 Mass. 696, 705 (1974), and authorities cited. See also Schofield v. Merrill, 386 Mass. 244, 245-246 (1982). The judge went on to explain that, although the plaintiff was not alleging wilful, wanton, or reckless conduct by Conrail, the plaintiff claimed that the defendant owed him a duty of reasonable care because the circumstances of this case met the requirements of one or more exceptions to the general rule. Accordingly, the judge instructed the jury on the elements of G. L. c. 231, Section 85Q. This exception to the common law rule as to trespassers imposes the duty of reasonable care in statutorily specified circumstances. [Note 3] The judge also explained the elements

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of an exception carved out by this court in Pridgen, supra, whereby a duty of reasonable care is owed by landowners once they have discovered a trespasser, regardless of age, helplessly trapped on their premises. Id. at 713. The plaintiff does not dispute the correctness of these instructions. The plaintiff argues, however, that the judge erred by failing to give additional instructions on the duty owed child trespassers, in accordance with his written requests. We consider each request separately.

a. Requested instruction no. 6. The plaintiff's request no. 6 stated: "In addition to the duty of the railroad created by statute, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts also places a common law duty of reasonable care by the Defendant to prevent harm to foreseeable child trespassers. Soule v. Massachusetts Electric Company, 378 Mass. 177 . . . (1979)." By contrast, the judge's charge repeatedly emphasized that the duty arises at common law only where the jury find the additional fact that the plaintiff was "too young to appreciate the risk and danger involved," or that he "lacked the understanding to evaluate the peril." Thus, the issue is whether the plaintiff was entitled to an instruction that landowners like Conrail are duty bound to exercise reasonable care with respect to all foreseeable child traspasers.

In recent years, this court has recognized a landowner's duty of reasonable care to all persons lawfully on his property. See Mounsey v. Ellard, 363 Mass. 693, 707 (1973). Cf. Schofield v. Merrill, supra. We have also stated a willingness to consider further extensions, on a case-by-case basis, to cover appropriate classes of trespassers. Mounsey, supra at 707 n.7. See Pridgen, supra at 712-713. The plaintiff contends that his requested instruction states the rule in this jurisdiction. He cites our language in Soule v. Massachusetts Elec. Co., 378 Mass. 177, 182 (1979), that "there is a common law duty of reasonable care by a landowner or occupier to prevent harm to foreseeable

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child trespasser." Because these words are separated from the context which gives them meaning in Soule, we cannot agree.

A careful reading of Soule makes it clear that the duty of reasonable care owed by a landowner to a child trespasser is applicable only where a plaintiff would fail to appreciate his peril because of his youth. In Soule, we said that "if the Legislature had not first enacted G. L. c. 231, Section 85Q, in 1977, we would probably have applied the rule of Section 339 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts [1965], which is practically identical to that statute, in this case." Id. at 184. Thus, our decision in Soule is read properly to recognize a common law rule that is indistinguishable in its elements from the statute or from its twin, Section 339 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965). Both the Restatement Section 339 and the statute, when read in light of our decision in Schofield v. Merrill, supra, yield the result that no duty of reasonable care is owed to foreseeable child trespassers unless they are shown to have been persons who "because of their youth do not discover the condition or realize the risk involved." Compare Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 339 (c) (1965), and G. L. c. 231, Section 85Q (c). [Note 4] Therefore, it would have been error for the judge to give the charge requested. The judge instructed the jury in accordance with the rule enunciated in Soule. There was no error. [Note 5]

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b. Requested instruction no.4. The plaintiff claims that the judge erred in failing to give the plaintiff's requested instruction no. 4, as follows: "Railroad employees may assume that an adult near a railroad track will exercise care for his own safety, but the railroad may not assume that a child observed on or near a railroad track will remove himself from the tracks and remain out of the way of the approaching train. The duty of care owed to a child is partially determined with reference to the propensity of children for unpredictable behavior."

At issue is whether the plaintiff was entitled to an instruction that railroad employees may not rely on children to remove themselves from the peril of oncoming trains. [Note 6] The judge agreed to give the instruction. When actually charging the jury, however, he did not. He then declined to highlight the doubtful issue by correcting himself before the jury. [Note 7]

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The authority cited by the plaintiff for the requested instruction is Kalinowski v. Smith, 6 Mass. App. Ct. 769 (1978). Kalinowski is inapposite. The Appeals Court treated the facts in that case as creating a situation "tantamount to that of the helplessly trapped child in Pridgen." Id. at 771. A proper Pridgen charge was given in the case at bar. The Appeals Court also drew upon the law of other jurisdictions to state that "there is no right to presume that a child of tender years will either get out of the way or remain out of the way of an approaching train." Kalinowski, supra at 772, citing Kowaleski v. Pennsylvania R.R., 103 F.2d 827 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 308 U.S. 556 (1939). Simmons v. Atlanta & W.P.R.R., 46 Ga. App. 93 (1932). Davies v. Delaware, L. & W.R.R., 370 Pa. 180, 185-186 (1952). Assuming that Kalinowski, supra at 771, states a different rule (see note 6, supra) which we would adopt if we were presented with a case requiring us to decide the question, we note that the Appeals Court limited the applicability of its rule to child plaintiffs "of tender years," id. at 772, and that the child plaintiff in Kalinowski was less than five years of age when injured. [Note 8] In these circumstances, the judge could have decided in the proper exercise of his discretion that there was no evidence to show that the plaintiff was of such tender years as to be entitled to the benefit of Kalinowski. See Kelsey v. Hampton Court Hotel Co., 327 Mass. 150, 154 (1951). There was no error.

2. Juror misconduct. On November 2, 1984, in support of his motion for new trial and to question a juror, the plaintiff filed affidavits executed by several attorneys. The plaintiff's

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trial counsel, Michael G. West, averred that, on October 23, 1984, five weeks after the jury had rendered its verdict, he was approached by another attorney, William J. Brown, Jr. Mr. Brown allegedly told Mr. West that, while the trial of this case was in progress, a juror named Andrew DeLevo had approached him repeatedly; that DeLevo had told Mr. Brown that he "hated" Mr. West's firm because of its efforts to collect a debt from him; that he was consequently "out to get" the firm; that he "controlled 4 votes on the jury"; and that he had asked Mr. Brown to query Mr. West whether he would trade "the payment of money or the cancellation of [DeLevo's] debt or both" for "favorable treatment" in the case at bar. According to Mr. West, Mr. Brown said that he had told DeLevo that he, Brown, would not take part in jury tampering.

The plaintiff also filed affidavits from past and current members of Mr. West's firm, together with court records. As the judge later found, these established that Mr. West's firm had in fact sued DeLevo to collect a debt owed a client of the firm, that the firm had caused DeLevo to be arrested twice for failure to appear in court, and that DeLevo had threatened the firm's personnel with bodily harm on two occasions prior to the trial of the case at bar.

The judge heard oral argument on the plaintiff's motion to question DeLevo, but he did not subpoena DeLevo or Mr. Brown. Rather, he forwarded the plaintiff's documentation to the district attorney for Hampden County, then stayed the proceedings pending completion of criminal investigation of Mr. West's allegations.

On December 13, 1984, Mr. Brown was questioned under oath by two State Troopers. He confirmed that he had discussed DeLevo's debt with Mr. West, as the latter had charged, and he admitted telling Mr. West that DeLevo "hated the firm [for] the way they were trying to collect the money from him." However, Mr. Brown denied the substance of the remainder of Mr. West's affidavit.

The district attorney's investigation began and ended with the questioning of Mr. Brown. No criminal charges were brought. The judge denied the plaintiff's motion to question

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DeLevo because (a) a juror's bias is not an extraneous matter, and (b) the record did not justify further inquiry by the judge as to the possible bartering of jurors' votes. In essence, the judge ruled that he had no discretion to permit the questioning of DeLevo concerning his possible bias; and he ruled that, while he had discretion to permit inquiry concening DeLevo's conduct as it may have amounted to jury tampering, he chose not to do so because the evidence before him did not warrant it.

a. Allegations of bias. Jurors are disqualified from testifying about their deliberations except to establish "the existence of extraneous 'disturbing' influences." Commonwealth v. Fidler, 377 Mass. 192, 197 (1979). Accordingly, "evidence concerning the subjective mental processes of jurors, such as the reasons for their decisions" is not admissible, id. at 198, and judges are barred from sanctioning or conducting such interrogations, just as attorneys are forbidden to question jurors about their deliberative thoughts. The plaintiff's counsel conceded at oral argument that a juror's bias toward a party or his lawyer is not an extraneous, disturbing influence, as that term has been defined by the decisions of this court. We agree. See Commonwealth v. Grant, 391 Mass. 645, 653 (1984). Commonwealth v. Fidler, supra at 197. Even though the judge was faced with uncontested and corroborated allegations of DeLevo's hatred for the plaintiff's attorney's firm, he had no authority to conduct, or permit, any questioning of DeLevo concerning his alleged bias. [Note 9]

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b. Allegations of attempted jury tampering. The plaintiff argues that DeLevo's alleged objective misconduct, as opposed to his subjective bias, was so "serious" as to require that he be interrogated. Admittedly, "[w]here a case is close, . . . a judge should exercise discretion in favor of conducting a judicial inquiry." Commonwealth v. Dixon, 395 Mass. 149, 153 (1985). And it cannot be doubted that conduct amounting to jury tampering would amount to an extraneous influence concerning which a juror may be questioned. Id. But "[p]ostverdict interview should be initiated only if the court finds some suggestion that there were extraneous matters in the jury's deliberations" (emphasis supplied). Commonwealth v. Fidler, supra at 203.

None of the evidence before the judge was of this character. Rather, it was alleged that DeLevo improperly approached Mr. Brown outside the jury's presence, and that he sought to strike a deal with nonjurors. No objectively verifiable fact was alleged from which the judge could infer that DeLevo's scheme, if it existed, was ever put in operation or that it ever infected the jury's deliberations. Mr. West's allegation that DeLevo claimed to control four jurors' votes was redolent of tampering activity, but the judge was warranted in concluding that this allegation was intrinsically unreliable because based on triple hearsay. This is especially true where the allegation was flatly denied under oath by the affiant's alleged source. No facts were alleged tending to show that DeLevo's claim, if made it, was anything more than a boast. The evidence, then, of actual tampering with the jury's deliberations was virtually nonexistent. When the judge denied the plantiff's motion to question DeLevo, his exercise of discretion was sound.

Nor did the judge err in denying the plaintiff's motion for a new trial, which was based on prejudice supposed to have

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arisen from DeLevo's misconduct. To carry his burden in this regard, the plaintiff must demonstrate to this court that the denial, "unless reversed, will result in manifest injustice." Sharpe, petitioner, 322 Mass. 441, 445 (1948). Commonwealth v. Ortiz, 393 Mass. 523, 537 (1984). See Commonwealth v. Royster, 15 Mass. App. Ct. 970, 971 (1983). The plaintiff contends that DeLevo's alleged attempt to make a deal for a favorable verdict was potentially so damaging as to be intolerable. Here, both the trial judge and the district attorney have decided that no prosecution was warranted in this case. In these circumstances, we cannot say that Mr. West's allegations are substantial enough or so necessarily reliable as to taint the jury's verdict. We conclude that the judge did not abuse his discretion in refusing to grant a new trial.

Judgment affirmed.