ALBERT J. KINAN vs. TRIAL COURT & others. [Note 1]

HENNESSEY, C.J. The plaintiff, Albert J. Kinan, brought this action under the Massachusetts Tort Claims Act, G. L. c. 258 (1984 ed.), seeking damages allegedly arising from negligent acts committed by the clerk of the Dedham Division of the District Court. Presentment of the claim was made to the Chief Administrative Justice of the Trial Court within the two-year requirement of G. L. c. 258, Section 4. The defendants moved to dismiss, arguing that presentment should have been made to the Attorney General, and that, therefore, the plaintiff's

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actions were neither timely nor proper under the act. The Superior Court judge denied this motion and reported the decision to the Appeals Court under Mass. R. Civ. P. 64, 365 Mass. 831 (1974). We allowed the defendants' application for direct appellate review. We conclude that the motion to dismiss was properly denied.

General Laws c. 258, Section 4, provides in part that "[a] civil action shall not be instituted against a public employer on a claim for damages under this chapter unless the claimant shall have first presented his claim in writing to the executive officer of such employer within two years after the date upon which the cause of action arose." See Weaver v. Commonwealth, 387 Mass. 43, 45 (1982). Pruner v. Clerk of the Superior Court in the County of Norfolk, 382 Mass. 309, 315-316 (1981). Section 1 defines the term "[e]xecutive officer of a public employer" in terms of the various governmental entities that may be defendants in a case. [Note 2] The question presented in this case is whether, in an action against the Trial Court of the Commonwealth under G. L. c. 258, the Trial Court is "an agency not within the executive office" or is properly considered "any other public employer" within the language of Section 1. The defendants argue that, because the Trial Court is an agency not within any executive office, presentment should have been made to the Attorney General as required by Section 1. [Note 3] The plaintiff maintains that the Trial Court, as part of the judicial department, cannot be considered an agency and that presentment was properly made to the "nominal chief executive

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officer" of the Trial Court, in this case the Chief Administrative Justice of the Trial Court. We agree with the plaintiff in his interpretation of the statute.

While G. L. c. 258 contains no definition of the word "agency," the defendants contend that the Legislature intended that it include all departments and divisions of the Commonwealth. Consequently, it is the defendants' position that every State employee is either within an executive office, and presentment should be made to the secretary of that office, or in an agency not within an executive office, and presentment must be made to the Attorney General. The term "other public employer" can never, in the defendants' view, refer to the employer of a State employee. We disagree. In defining "[p]ublic employer," Section 1 includes "the commonwealth and any county, city, town, educational collaborative, or district . . . and any department, office, commission, committee, council, board, division, bureau, institution, agency or authority thereof." Thus, the statute recognizes entities within the Commonwealth other than those termed agencies. We conclude that the word "agency" used in the definition of executive officer of a public employer should not be given the overly inclusive meaning suggested by the defendants in light of the other entities enumerated in the definition of public employer.

Nevertheless, we must consider whether the Trial Court is an "agency" or an "other public employer" within the language of Section 1. The defendants assert that the word "agency," as commonly understood, means a governmental bureau or an administrative division of a government, citing Random House Dictionary of the English Language (Unabridged ed. 1967). While "[w]ords and phrases shall be construed according to the common and approved usage of the language" under G. L. c. 4, Section 6, we do not consider the Trial Court to fall within this definition. We can locate no instance in which the Trial Court or the judicial department as a whole has been considered an agency of the Commonwealth. Furthermore, the word "agency" has "acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning in law" which should guide our interpretation of the statute. G. L. c. 4, Section 6. For purposes of the State Administrative Procedure Act, G. L.

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c. 30A, the definition of the word "agency" specifically excludes the judicial department. G. L. c. 30A, Section 1. While we cannot conclude that the Legislature intended to incorporate the definition of agency found in G. L. c. 30A into G. L. c. 258, we believe that the exclusion of the judicial department from the definition of agency under c. 30A is instructive in this instance.

Our inquiry is also aided by reference to the purposes underlying the presentment requirements of Section 4. We have stated that one of the purposes of c. 258 "is to preserve the stability and effectiveness of government by providing a mechanism which will result in payment of only those claims against government entities which are valid. . . . The presentment requirements serve [this] purpose and attempt to strike a balance between public fairness and promoting effective government. Justifications offered for presentment requirements in statutes waiving governmental immunity include: enabling governmental units to investigate promptly the alleged incident to facilitate immediate assessment of liability, because fraudulent and meritless claims are harder to detect when time is allowed to elapse; protecting against the cost of needless litigation by increasing the likelihood of early adjustment of disputes and out-of-court settlements; preventing future accidents and expenses by enabling the governmental unit to make necessary repairs or to improve procedures; and aiding municipalities in determining future taxes and planning budgets." (Citation omitted.) McGrath v. Stanley, 397 Mass. 775, 778-779 (1986). See Hernandez v. Boston, 394 Mass. 45, 48 (1985); George v. Saugus, 394 Mass. 40, 44 (1985); Vasys v. Metropolitan Dist. Comm'n. 387 Mass. 51, 57 (1982); Weaver v. Commonwealth, supra at 47-48. Lodge v. District Attorney for the Suffolk Dist., 21 Mass. App. Ct. 277, 283-284 (1985). The Attorney General has no supervisory powers over the Trial Court and, thus, would be unable to fulfil these stated purposes if, as the defendants contend, he should be considered the "executive officer" of the Trial Court for the purposes of Section 1. Lodge v. District Attorney of the Suffolk Dist., supra at 281-282 (discussing the supervisory powers of the Attorney General over the offices

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of the district attorneys in determining that the Attorney General was the proper party to receive presentment in an action under c. 258 against the district attorney for Suffolk District). [Note 4] We conclude, therefore, that the Trial Court is not an agency within the meaning of Section 1 and that presentment need not have been made in this instance to the Attorney General.

Because the Trial Court does not fall within any of the specifically enumerated bodies described under the definition of executive officer of a public employer, the Trial Court is properly considered an "other public employer" and therefore presentment should have been made to the nominal chief executive officer. In an action against the Trial Court, the nominal chief executive officer is properly the Chief Administrative Justice of the Trial Court. We have stated that "[t]he Act requires presentment of the official who has the authority to settle a claim before suit is instituted" and that "presentment must be made [to] that officer charged with the over-all financial and budgetary responsibility for the agency or department whose employees' actions allegedly gave rise to the plaintiff's claim." Weaver v. Commonwealth, supra at 47-48. Holahan v. Medford, 394 Mass. 186, 189 (1985). Lodge v. District Attorney for the Suffolk Dist., supra at 283-284. In light of the powers conferred on the Chief Administrative Justice of the Trial Court under G. L. c. 211B, Sections 8, 9, 10, 12 and 13, he is "not only in a position to undertake the investigation which might be required to preclude payment of inflated or invalid claims, but also to make provision, during the budgetary

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process, for the payment of valid claims, and to institute promptly any corrective measures designed to reduce the number of valid claims in the future." Weaver v. Commonwealth, supra at 48. [Note 5] Consequently, presentment was properly made to the Chief Administrative Justice of the Trial Court as required by Section 4, and the motion to dismiss was properly denied.

The case is remanded to the Superior Court for further proceedings.

So ordered.