LYDIA BARRETT vs. RONALD RODGERS.

NOLAN, J. This case requires us once again to mark out the contours of the exclusivity provision of the Workers' Compensation Act, G. L. c. 152, Sections 23, 24 (1988 ed.). Specifically, we must determine whether an individual may successfully sue her employer for damages incurred in a single incident through an instrumentality owned by the employer, but unrelated to the employer's business. We hold that she may not recover against her employer, and, therefore, we affirm the judgment of the court below.

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The plaintiff, Lydia Barrett, has brought an action against the defendant, Ronald Rodgers, for injuries that she sustained when she was attacked by Rodgers's dog. On the date of the incident, June 3, 1987, the plaintiff was employed by Rodgers, who did business under the name Nexus Computer. Nexus was not incorporated.

On the critical day, the defendant brought his pet dog with him to his place of business. He did so solely as a convenience to himself. The animal had no role in the defendant's computer software business. Before leaving work for the day, the plaintiff approached the dog and leaned over to pet him. The dog attacked the plaintiff, causing serious injury. The plaintiff filed for and received workers' compensation benefits from the defendant's insurer.

The plaintiff then commenced this action in Superior Court under G. L. c. 140, Section 155 (1988 ed.), [Note 1] seeking damages for physical and mental injuries, disfigurement, medical expenses, loss of compensation, and interference with her enjoyment of life. The trial judge below allowed the defendant's motion for summary judgment on the ground that the plaintiff's action was barred by the exclusivity provisions of the Workers' Compensation Act. This court granted the plaintiff's application for direct appellate review. See G. L. c. 211A, Section 10 (A) (1988 ed.). We now affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.

The defendant asserts that the plaintiff's cause of action is barred by the exclusivity provisions of G. L. c. 152, Sections 23, 24. [Note 2] The plaintiff seeks to avoid the effect of that statute by invoking the "dual persona" doctrine. This doctrine recognizes

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that there are certain circumstances in which an employee may collect damages from her employer despite the existence of the comprehensive workers' compensation scheme. To the extent, if any, that Massachusetts recognizes such a doctrine, we hold that it does not apply here.

At common law, an employee obtained compensation for workplace injuries, if at all, by suing his employer in tort. This remedy was perceived as slow, costly, and affording too many opportunities for employers to avoid liability. Consequently, the General Court enacted a workers' compensation scheme, G. L. c. 152 (Act), whereby an employee was guaranteed compensation for workplace injuries regardless of fault and free of traditional common law defenses. In exchange for this guaranteed right of recovery, the law bars employees from recovering against their employers for injuries received on the job. G. L. c. 152, Sections 23, 24. Under this comprehensive compensation scheme, employees remain free to bring suit against third parties who may be liable for injuries compensable under the Act. See G. L. c. 152, Section 15.

The plaintiff seeks to characterize her employer as such a third party by invoking the "dual persona" doctrine. The plaintiff asks us to view defendant as a split legal personality -- Ronald Rodgers, computer software entrepreneur, who employed the plaintiff and provided workers' compensation benefits to the plaintiff when she was injured on the job, and Ronald Rodgers, dog owner, who incurred liability for damages when his pet attacked an employee of Ronald Rodgers,

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computer software entrepreneur. This court has never explicitly adopted the theory urged upon us by the plaintiff. We have, however, alluded favorably to the theory and to foreign cases which apply it, see, e.g., Gurry v. Cumberland Farms, Inc., 406 Mass. 615, 620-621 (1990); Longever v. Revere Copper & Brass Inc., 381 Mass. 221, 223 (1980) (dual capacity doctrine). But see Ryder's Case, 341 Mass. 661 (1961) (the same individual may not be both employee and employer for purposes of the Act).

The dual persona theory provides that an employer may be regarded as a third party and thus be subject to suit, if the employer's liability to the injured employee "derives from a `second persona so completely independent from and unrelated to his status as employer that by established standards the law recognizes it as a separate legal person.'" Gurry, supra at 620-621, quoting 2A A. Larson, Workmen's Compensation Section 72.80 at 14-229 (1988 ed.). The relevant inquiry in a dual person allegation is not whether a separate theory of liability could be argued against the same legal person, but rather whether the controversy involves a separate legal entity. [Note 3]

The defendant, Ronald Rodgers, is a single legal entity. His business, Nexus Computer, is not incorporated. "Nexus Computer" is merely a trade name under which Rodgers, the individual, conducted his business. In Searcy v. Paul, 20 Mass. App. Ct. 134 (1985), the Appeals Court held that an injured employee may bring an action for negligence "against third parties, either individuals or corporations, even if in some degree affiliated with the insured employer corporation." Id. at 139. The Appeals Court found no basis to disregard the "corporate fiction" in order to immunize distinct legal entities from suit. Similarly, we find no reason to manufacture a new type of constructive corporate fiction designed to strip the defendant of the protection the Legislature has provided.

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This court has allowed an employee covered by workers' compensation to maintain an action against his employer for damages arising from a workplace injury in only one case. In Gurry v. Cumberland Farms, Inc., 406 Mass. 615 (1990), an employee was killed on the job when a machine of allegedly negligent design and manufacture malfunctioned. The machine had been designed, built, and sold by a corporation which was later acquired by the plaintiff's employer. This court allowed plaintiff's estate to maintain its action. We did so despite the general rule set down in Longever v. Revere Copper & Brass Inc., 381 Mass. 221 (1980), that an employer who manufactures tools and machines used in the workplace does not thereby acquire a distinct persona for purposes of the Act.

Gurry stands for the proposition that liability, whether actual or potential, arising out of conduct antedating a corporate merger will not evaporate merely because the liable corporation merges with the employer of the injured party. That decision rested more on the statutory directive that third-party liabilities not be extinguished through corporate mergers than it did on the dual persona exception to the exclusivity provisions of the Act. See Gurry, supra at 619; G. L. c. 156B, Section 80 (b) (1988 ed.).

The instances in which a single legal entity (an individual or a corporation) will be liable under both the workers' compensation scheme and in a lawsuit for a single injury arising out of a single workplace incident are very rare. In the absence of a statutory "override" akin to the corporate merger statute in Gurry, such a result may be impossible. [Note 4]

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Moreover, under the dual persona theory, a second function of a single entity results in a second persona only when that function generates obligations unrelated to the entity's status as employer. See, e.g., Schweiner v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 120 Wis. 2d 344, 352-353 (Ct. App. 1984). Here the obligations generated by Rodgers in his capacity as dog owner are related to his obligations as an employer. As an employer, Rodgers had the duty to provide a safe work environment. See Longever, supra at 223. As a dog owner, Rodgers was liable for injuries caused by his pet. G. L. c. 140, Section 155 (1988 ed.). When the dog attacked the plaintiff at work, both duties were simultaneously violated. This is a case in which there are two theories of recovery rather than two legal persons. Therefore, plaintiffs argument is in reality an invocation of the discredited dual capacity theory. See Gurry, supra at 621.

As we have already indicated, "[a]ny change in compensation law which would permit a covered employee to recover compensation benefits and, in addition, permit litigation by the employee against his employer to recover for an injury clearly covered by the Workmen's Compensation Act is a public policy decision for the Legislature." Longever v. Revere Copper & Brass Inc., 381 Mass. 221, 226 (1980). The Legislature has declined to change the statute in this regard,

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and we are no more inclined to alter the statutory scheme today than we were a decade ago.

Judgment affirmed.