LEONARD W. KAPLAN vs. JAMES L. BOUDREAUX & others, trustees, [Note 1] & another. [Note 2]

ABRAMS, J. Leonard W. Kaplan, the owner of one unit of 90 Park Street Condominium (condominium), filed a complaint in Superior Court alleging that an amendment to the condominium by-laws, which allowed the owners of one unit to have the exclusive use of an area of common property, reduced his percentage interest in the common property. He contends that the amendment is invalid because it was adopted in contravention of the terms of the master deed, the condominium trust, and G. L. c. 183A, Section 5 (1988 ed.). A judge in the Superior Court declared the amendment valid and granted summary judgment to the defendants. The plaintiff appealed, [Note 3] and we transferred the case on our own motion. We reverse.

The essential facts of the case are undisputed. The plaintiff owns one of the nineteen units in 90 Park Street, a condominium development located at the intersection of Park and Vernon Streets in Brookline. James L. Boudreaux, a trustee of the 90 Park Street Condominium Trust, owns unit eleven of the condominium development, together with Michelle A. McGraw. Unit eleven is located in one corner of the building, occupying part of the first and second floors. Outside the exterior entrance of unit eleven is an area containing a walkway which extends from unit eleven to Park Street. The walkway, containing an area of approximately 640 square feet, provides access to unit eleven only. The condominium

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master deed includes the land and walkways as common areas, and provides that the use of the common areas is subject to the by-laws of the condominium trust. Section 5.19 of the by-laws prohibits occupants from using outdoor common areas for any purpose other than ingress and egress along paved paths. [Note 4].

Boudreaux and McGraw wished to landscape part of the walkway leading from Park Street to unit eleven. They sought to have the by-laws amended to allow them to do so. The trustees proposed and then executed an amendment to the by-laws on June 15, 1988, and recorded the amendment at the Norfolk County registry of deeds on June 27, 1988. Unit owners purportedly representing 77.38% of the voting interest of the trust signed the amendment. The by-law amendment exempts the "outside, private entry-way/patio leading from Park Street into Unit 11" from the use restrictions set out in Section 5.19 of the by-laws. It also assigns this area "for the exclusive use of Unit #11." [Note 5] The plaintiff contests the validity of this amendment. He alleges that the adoption of the amendment violated the terms of the master deed, the condominium trust, and G. L. c. 183A, Section 5, because all the owners of condominium units did not consent to the adoption

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of the by-law. The plaintiff filed suit against the trustees of the condominium seeking a declaration that the by-law amendment was invalid and damages and attorney's fees pursuant to G. L. c. 93A (1988 ed.). The judge allowed the defendants' motion for summary judgment. The plaintiff seeks review of the judge's decision on the validity of the by-law amendment and further consideration of the issue of attorney's fees.

1. Regulatory framework. The Legislature established governing rules for condominium ownership in Massachusetts in G. L. c. 183A (1988 ed.), which essentially is an enabling statute. Barclay v. DeVeau, 384 Mass. 676, 682 (1981). A condominium unit owner is entitled to the exclusive ownership and possession of his unit, G. L. c. 183A, Section 4, and to an undivided interest in the common areas in the same proportion as the value of his unit compared to the aggregate value of all the units. G. L. c. 183A, Section 5. Section 5 (b) provides that the percentage of undivided interest in the common areas held by each unit owner cannot be altered without the consent of all unit owners whose percentage is affected, and that any such alteration can be achieved only by amendment to the master deed.

In order to establish a condominium, the owner must record a master deed. G. L. c. 183A, Section 2. The master deed of 90 Park Street Condominium contains a provision similar to that in Section 5: "No instrument of amendment which alters the percentage of the undivided interest in and to the Common Areas and Facilities to which any unit is entitled shall be of any force or effect unless the same has been approved by all Unit Owners and said instrument is recorded as an Amended Master Deed."

The statute also requires that the master deed contain the name of the trust or association which will manage and regulate the condominium, and a statement that the trust has established by-laws. G. L. c. 183A, Section 8 (i). The by-laws must provide for a method of adopting and amending rules governing the use of common areas. G. L. c. 183A, Section 11 (d). The by-laws governing 90 Park Street are contained within

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the 90 Park Street Condominium Trust instrument. The trust instrument outlines procedures for amendment. The trustees may amend the trust with the written consent of the owners entitled to 75% of the beneficial interest in the trust. However, pursuant to Section 8.1 of the by-laws, "[n]o such amendment . . . which purports to alter or in any manner or to any extent modify or affect the percentage of the Beneficial Interest of any Unit Owner so as to be different from the percentage of Beneficial Interest of such Unit Owner in the Common Areas . . . set forth in Section 4.1 and the Master Deed shall be valid or effective without the consent of all the Unit Owners." Thus the trust instrument, the master deed, and the statute all contemplate the possibility of changes in the rules that apply to the unit owners. However, all three prohibit any alteration which changes a unit owner's percentage interest in the common areas without the consent of all the unit owners. [Note 6]

2. Validity of by-law 5.19 (a). The issue before us is whether the amendment to the by-laws which granted the owners of unit eleven exclusive and unrestricted use of the walkway leading to that unit constitutes an alteration in the percentage interest of the owners, or whether it is a permissible regulation of the use of common areas. We begin by determining whether the rights granted to the owner of unit eleven constitute an "interest" in the common area, or whether, as the defendants argue, only the conveyance of an "ownership" interest would alter the unit owner's percentage interest.

Neither c. 183A nor the condominium documents define an "interest" in the common areas. We turn, therefore, to other legal authorities. Such sources provide some insight

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into the meaning of this term; however, "[a]s applied to property, the chief use of the word `interest' seems to be to designate some right attached to property which either cannot, or need not, be defined with precision." 31 C.J.S. Estates Section 1 (b), at 10 (1964). Some commentators have used the phrase in an extremely broad sense, to include all "rights, privileges, powers and immunities with regard to specific land . . . which exist only in a particular person." Restatement of Property Section 5 comment d (1936). Such a broad understanding of the phrase is not universal, however. Many courts, for example, specifically have stated that a license is not an interest in land. E.g., Chelsea Yacht Club v. Mystic River Bridge Auth., 330 Mass. 566, 568 (1953); Chase v. Aetna Rubber Co., 321 Mass. 721, 724 (1947); Baseball Publishing Co. v. Bruton, 302 Mass. 54, 55 (1938); Booker v. Cherokee Water Dist., 651 P.2d 452, 453 (Colo. Ct. App. 1982); Waterville Estates Ass'n v. Campton, 122 N.H. 506, 508-509 (1982). See G. Korngold, Private Land Use Arrangements Section 7.01 (1990); J.W. Bruce & J.W. Ely, Easements and Licenses in Land par. 1.03[1] (1988 & Supp. 1991). It is clear, however, that "`complete property' in (or `full ownership' of) [land] may be divided into smaller segments or `interests.' " R.A. Cunningham, W.B. Stoebuck, & D. A. Whitman, Property Section 1.2, at 6 (1984). Restatement of Property, supra at Section 5 comment e. Thus, while the authorities do not furnish one precise definition which can be easily applied to the statute and documents at issue, they do support an understanding of each unit owner's "interest" in the common areas as composed of a number of smaller interests. Clearly, a transfer of the sum total of a unit owner's interests in a portion of the common area to another unit owner would affect percentage interest in the common area of both owners. It is not necessary, however, to transfer the sum of one owner's interests in a portion of land in order to change the comparative interests held by each. Transfer of an interest that is smaller than an "ownership" interest would suffice to alter the percentage interest held by each.

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The common law thus recognizes interests in land which are less than an "ownership" interest. There is no indication that in c. 183A, Section 5, the Legislature intended to be more restrictive, and to use the term "interest" to mean only "ownership interest" or "fee simple interest." Absent any such indication, we may not narrow the applicability of the statute. See Commercial Wharf East Condominium Ass'n v. Waterfront Parking Corp., 407 Mass. 123, 129 (1990) (recognizing nonownership rights in condominium property); Purity Supreme, Inc. v. Attorney Gen., 380 Mass. 762, 782 (1980). The language of the master deed and the trust instrument tracks the language of c. 183A. We see no indication that the parties intended the term "interest" to have a different meaning in the trust and the master deed than it has in the statute. We conclude that the common law, the condominium statute, and the condominium documents are all properly interpreted as recognizing interests in land which are less than an ownership interest. We therefore reject the defendants' argument that only the transfer of an "ownership" interest in a common area could alter a unit owner's percentage interest and thus would require the unanimous consent of the unit owners.

We still must consider, however, whether the particular changes in use restrictions contained in this by-law amendment were sufficient to affect the percentage interest in the common property held by the plaintiff. The defendants contend that the amendment simply constitutes an alteration in allowable uses of common areas, which does not require unanimous consent of all unit owners. Essentially, their argument is that the use restriction in the amendment did not create or transfer any interest in the common property.

The amendment contained two elements: first, the owners of unit eleven are allowed to use the common area outside their unit free of the use restrictions which apply to all other unit owners and all other areas. Second, the area outside unit eleven is assigned for the exclusive use of unit eleven. Thus, all other unit owners are excluded from any further use of that portion of the common area.

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None of the common law categories of rights in land describes precisely the rights granted by the amendment, perhaps because condominiums are essentially creatures of statute. However, because the Massachusetts condominium statute does not address the issue before us, we look to the common law as a means of analyzing the nature of the rights created by the by-law. See Commercial Wharf East Condominium Ass'n, supra (referring to common law of easements to determine nature of an interest in common areas retained by the developer). See also G. L. c. 183A, Section 3 (a condominium unit and associated interest in common areas constitutes real estate); Beaconsfield Towne House Condominium Trust v. Zussman, 401 Mass. 480, 484 (1988) (claim under G. L. c. 183A, Section 5, constitutes an action concerning an interest in land).

The rights granted by the amendment contain some characteristics of an easement or a lease, which are interests in land, and some characteristics of a license, which is not an interest in land. See Baseball Publishing Co., supra at 55, 58. The rights are revokable, because unit owners holding 75% of the interest in the condominium association can change the amendment. Revocability is a primary characteristic of a license, but is not characteristic of an easement. See J.W. Bruce & J.W. Ely, Easements and Licenses in Land, supra at par. 1.03[1]. The rights are not personal, but are granted to the owners of unit eleven. Both leases and licenses are typically personal in nature, see G. Korngold, Private Land Use Arrangements, supra at Sections 7.02, 7.03; H. Stavisky & R.A. Greeley, Landlord and Tenant Law Section 171 (1977); most easements are not. The amendment grants exclusive use of the area. Exclusive use is not characteristic of a license, but is a primary characteristic of a lease. See Commercial Wharf East Condominium Ass'n, supra at 134. We need not pin a label on the rights granted by this by-law in order to determine that the by-law contains critical characteristics of the common law categories which are interests in land. We conclude that the by-law properly is treated as transferring an interest in land.

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We attribute particular significance, as have other courts, to the fact that the by-law granted exclusive use of a common area. The other unit owners thus lost all right to use part of the common property, and one unit owner gained the right to use it exclusively. The combination of the other unit owners' loss of right to use the property and one owner's gain of an exclusive right to use the property is qualitatively different from generalized use regulations. "There is a distinct difference between . . . cases, in which . . . use, control, and/or ownership of the common areas is taken from some or all of the unit owners and cases in which some reasonable restrictions or regulation of the common areas is imposed on all owners." Jarvis v. Stage Neck Owners Ass'n, 464 A.2d 952, 956 (Me. 1983). See Directors of By the Sea Council of Co-Owners, Inc. v. Sondock, 644 S.W.2d 774, 781 (Tex. Ct. App. 1982). The grant of exclusive use to one unit owner of a common area is sufficient to change the relative interest of the unit owners in that common area. Penney v. Apartment Owners of Hale Kaanapali, 70 Haw. 469, 472 (1989). See Makeever v. Lyle, 125 Ariz. 384 (Ct. App. 1980); Stuewe v. Lauletta, 93 Ill. App. 3d 1029 (1981); Grimes v. Moreland, 41 Ohio Misc. 69 (1974).

The master deed, the condominium trust instrument, and G. L. c. 183A, Section 5, all require the unanimous consent of the unit owners for any change in the owners' percentage interest in the common areas. [Note 7] The by-laws amendment at issue was

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adopted without the unanimous consent of the unit owners. The amendment therefore violated G. L. c. 183A, Section 5 (b), and the terms of the master deed and the condominium trust instrument. Under the master deed and the trust instrument, the amendment is invalid and has no effect.

The judgment for the defendants on the issue of the validity of the amendment is reversed, and on remand a declaration should be entered that the amendment is invalid.

So ordered.