COMMONWEALTH vs. JOSHUA HALBERT.

LYNCH, J. The defendant, Joshua Halbert, was convicted of murder in the first degree by special verdicts on theories of deliberate premeditation, extreme atrocity or cruelty, and felony-murder by joint venture. The defendant appeals on the ground that the judge improperly instructed the jury that they could not consider voluntary intoxication in determining whether the defendant had the specific intent required for the crime of murder. In addition, the defendant seeks a new trial or reduction of the verdict pursuant to G. L. c. 278,

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Section 33E (1990 ed.), on the ground that the judge erred in refusing to instruct the jury on manslaughter where there was evidence of provocation. We affirm.

The jury could have found the following facts. [Note 1] At around 10 P.M. on September 28, 1988, the defendant met his friends Kevin Pierce and John Nichypour. Pierce asked the defendant, "Are you ready to roll a fag tonight?" The defendant responded, "Why not? It's been a while. As long as he doesn't get severely hurt." Pierce telephoned the victim, a thirty-eight year old man whom he apparently knew. The victim picked up the three men and drove them back to his apartment.

After a short time at the apartment (during which the defendant drank beer and Southern Comfort whisky), the defendant and Nichypour left to buy cigarettes. When they returned at around 11 P.M., Pierce took the defendant aside and informed him that the victim had grabbed Pierce's penis while the defendant and Nichypour were out. The defendant asked, "Do you want me to give him a beating?" Pierce instead proposed that they kill the victim. The defendant initially refused, but when Pierce asked the defendant if he was "chicken," the defendant said he was not.

The group reassembled in the apartment where they watched portions of an old movie and of a pornographic film. The defendant stated that he was "pretty much hammered" at this point. Pierce told the victim that Pierce and his friends were homosexuals. The victim asked the defendant, "Josh, what do you want to do?" The defendant said, "I'm not into that stuff." Pierce then grabbed the victim, locking an arm around his neck in a "sleeper" hold and forcing the victim's face into a sofa. While Pierce choked the victim in this manner, the defendant kicked and punched him in the testicles saying, "You're going to get hurt because I'm not queer." The defendant slashed the victim's neck twice with a

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razor blade he was carrying, then hit the victim on the head twice with a bottle. After releasing his hold on the victim's neck, Pierce stabbed him in the head, through the left temple, with a steak knife he found in the victim's kitchen. Seeing the victim convulsing, the defendant began to cry and said, "He's suffering." The defendant retrieved another steak knife from the kitchen, and with it Pierce stabbed the victim in the head a second time, again forcing the knife through the left temple. The defendant stated that the victim was dead, but Pierce continued to kick him in the face saying, "Die faggot. Die faggot." Pierce, Nichypour, and the defendant then cleaned their fingerprints from everything they had touched, and left. Nichypour took with him a sheet of thirty-two uncut, one-dollar bills that hung framed on the victim's wall, and Pierce stole a wooden box containing commemorative coins. [Note 2]

1. The Commonwealth concedes that the judge erred in twice instructing the jury not to consider the defendant's voluntary intoxication in determining whether the defendant had formed the necessary malice for murder in the first degree with deliberate premeditation. See Commonwealth v. Glass, 401 Mass. 799, 809-810 (1988); Commonwealth v. Grey, 399 Mass. 469, 471 (1987); Commonwealth v. Henson, 394 Mass. 584, 593 (1985). [Note 3] "[W]here proof of a crime

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requires proof of a specific criminal intent and there is evidence tending to show that the defendant was under the influence of alcohol or some other drug at the time of the crime, the judge should instruct the jury, if requested, that they may consider evidence of the defendant's intoxication at the time of the crime in deciding whether the Commonwealth has proved that specific intent beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. The defendant contends that he was under the influence of alcohol and LSD when he took part in the murder.

Nonetheless, we conclude that the judge's error did not create a "substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice" justifying reversal or reduction of the conviction pursuant to G. L. c. 278, Section 33E. [Note 4] The defendant was found guilty of murder in the first degree on a theory of felony-murder as well as the deliberate premeditation theory. In a felony-murder case the intent to commit the underlying felony substitutes for the malice required in an ordinary murder case. See Commonwealth v. Griffith, 404 Mass. 256, 259 (1989); Commonwealth v. Matchett, 386 Mass. 492, 502 (1982). The judge's charge on felony-murder was proper. He correctly instructed the jury on all the elements of felony-murder, and specifically told them that the defendant's intoxication could be considered in determining whether the defendant had formed the specific intent required for the underlying felony of robbery. The defendant does not challenge the jury charge on the principles of felony-murder. Thus, because the felony-murder theory forms an independent and untainted basis for the conviction of murder in the first degree, no substantial

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likelihood of a miscarriage of justice arises from the improper charge regarding malice.

2. The defendant argues that the judge erred in refusing to instruct on voluntary manslaughter because there was evidence that the defendant was provoked. [Note 5] We disagree. "Instructions on voluntary manslaughter must be given if there is evidence of provocation deemed adequate in law to cause the accused to lose his self-control in the heat of passion, and if the killing followed the provocation before sufficient time had elapsed for the accused's temper to cool." Commonwealth v. Schnopps, 383 Mass. 178, 180 (1981), S.C., 390 Mass. 722 (1984). Provocation is viewed objectively: "the jury must be able to infer that a reasonable person would have become sufficiently provoked." Commonwealth v. Garabedian, 399 Mass. 304, 313 (1987). Accord Commonwealth v. Estremera, 383 Mass. 382, 392 (1981). This court has consistently rejected the argument that provocation should be viewed subjectively through the eyes of the accused. Commonwealth v. Garabedian, supra at 315, and cases cited. In determining whether an instruction is warranted we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant. Commonwealth v. Schnopps, supra at 179. We conclude that the facts of this case did not warrant an instruction on manslaughter.

The defendant suggests that he was provoked by the victim's homosexual advance, which consisted of the victim's

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putting his hand on the defendant's knee and asking, "Josh, what do you want to do?" The defendant offered evidence that he was sexually abused as a child and that he was the victim of a homosexual "gang" rape shortly before the night of the murder. While the defendant's history of sexual abuse is tragic, it has no bearing on the question whether the victim's conduct satisfied the objective test of provocation. The issue is: would the victim's nonthreatening physical gesture and verbal invitation have provoked a reasonable person into a homicidal rage?

The victim's question ("Josh, what do you want to do?") was neither insulting nor hostile; it was at most a salacious invitation. Clearly, neither the question nor the accompanying physical gesture (the victim's placing his hand on the defendant's knee) would have been "likely to produce in an ordinary person such a state of passion, anger, fear, fright, or nervous excitement as would eclipse his capacity for reflection or restraint." Commonwealth v. Walden, 380 Mass. 724, 728 (1980). Because the evidence was insufficient to support a finding of reasonable provocation, the judge did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on voluntary manslaughter. Commonwealth v. Troila, ante 203 (1991). [Note 6]

3. Finally, the defendant urges that we exercise our discretionary power under G. L. c. 278, Section 33E, to reduce the verdict or order a new trial. We decline to do so.

There is abundant evidence suggesting that the defendant participated in the murder with deliberate premeditation. In light of the extreme brutality of the crime, we decline to grant relief pursuant to Section 33E. See Commonwealth v. Gallagher, 408 Mass. 510, 521 (1990); Commonwealth v. Libby, 405 Mass. 231, 236-237 (1989). Having reviewed the record

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thoroughly, we find no reason to reduce the verdict or to order a new trial.

Judgment affirmed.