LINCOLN E. SMITH vs. CITY OF BOSTON.

NOLAN. J. For the first time we consider whether a municipal corporation is liable under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 (1988) for

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an unconstitutional act of one of its officials. [Note 1] On the facts presented, we agree with the allowance of the motion of the city of Boston (city) for a directed verdict.

From 1977 to 1980, the plaintiff, Lincoln E. Smith, worked as an administrative assistant to a member of the city council (city councillor). From 1982 through June, 1986, Smith was employed as the coordinator of the student employment program by the city. In April, 1986, the mayor of Boston appointed Robert W. Consalvo as director of the office of personnel management for the city of Boston (director). [Note 2] Consalvo's appointment became effective June 1, 1986, but he immediately assumed the duties and responsibilities of the position. As director, Consalvo was "responsible for the personnel actions of all the [city] employees except those in the school department." [Note 3] Consalvo testified that his primary responsibility was the "hiring and firing" of employees and "the procedures dealing with personnel policy and the like."

Almost immediately after Consalvo became director he began to "harass" Smith because of Smith's association with a city councillor. Consalvo's "harassment" escalated to disparate treatment and intimidation. [Note 4] On June 23, 1986, less than one month after his appointment as director became effective, Consalvo fired Smith. [Note 5] Following termination, Smith

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requested a meeting with the mayor. The meeting was held on June 30, 1986. Smith, Consalvo, the mayor, and the city councillor were present. Smith testified that he recounted at the June 30 meeting the circumstances leading to his termination. Smith further testified that the mayor said "that things would be taken care of," and that "he [the mayor] knew exactly where [Smith] was coming from." Smith testified that the mayor promised to get back in touch with him. The mayor responded by way of his executive assistant who told Smith that "there was a position available at the Boston police department in the personnel unit," and that they would transfer him if he applied for the position.

Thereafter, Smith brought suit against Consalvo, individually and in his capacity as director of personnel, and the city claiming, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. Section 1983, and G. L. c. 12, Section 111 (1990 ed.), that Consalvo and the city violated his right to be free of reprisals for political association and affiliation guaranteed by the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights and the United States Constitution. At trial, following presentation of the plaintiff's case-in-chief, the trial judge granted the city's motion for a directed verdict on the State and Federal civil rights claims. [Note 6] The matter of Consalvo's individual liability was submitted to the jury. On a special verdict, the jury found that Consalvo violated Smith's civil rights secured by the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights and the United States Constitution, and awarded Smith

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$137,000 in compensatory damages and $5,000 in punitive damages. Consalvo is not a party to this appeal.

Smith now appeals from the judge's grant of a directed verdict on the Federal civil rights claim brought against the city asserting, in essence, that Consalvo's unconstitutional act is attributable to the city. [Note 7] In pressing this appeal Smith seeks reinstatement to his prior position. We transferred the matter from the Appeals Court on our own motion.

On the basis of Monell v. Department of Social Servs. of the City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658 (1978), and its progeny, we conclude that Smith has failed to demonstrate that Consalvo's unconstitutional acts are attributable to the city for the purposes of imposing municipal liability under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983. Accordingly, we affirm the judge's grant of a directed verdict on the Section 1983 count.

The starting point for our discussion is Section 1983. It provides: "Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action and law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress. . . ." In Monell v. Department of Social Servs. of the City of N.Y., supra at 663, the United States Supreme Court first held that local government units were "persons" as that term is used in 42 U.S.C. Section 1983. This decision rendered municipalities amenable to suit under Section 1983 for wrongs caused through "a policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision officially adopted and promulgated" by that municipality. Id. at 690. Not limiting its pronouncement to formal acts of government, the Monell Court stated that Section 1983 authorizes suit "for constitutional deprivations visited pursuant to governmental `custom' even though such a custom

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ha[d] not received formal approval through the body's official decisionmaking channels." Id. at 690-691.

Further defining the reach of municipal liability under Section 1983, the Monell Court rejected respondeat superior as a basis of imposing liability on a municipality for the unconstitutional act or acts of one of its officers or employees. [Note 8] The Monell Court stated that a municipality could be held liable only when its "lawmakers or those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy" cause the constitutional harm. Id. at 694.

Following Monell, the Supreme Court set out to clarify the circumstances under which an act or acts of a government official represent official policy. See Blum, Monell, DeShaney, and Zinermon: Official Policy, Affirmative Duty, Established State Procedure and Local Government Liability Under Section 1983, 24 Creighton L. Rev. 1, 15-23 (1990). In Pembaur v. Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 480 (1986), a plurality of the Court stated that "municipal liability may be imposed for a single decision by [a] municipal policymaker [] under appropriate circumstances." One of the appropriate circumstances cited was the instance where "the decisionmaker possesses final authority to establish municipal policy with respect to the action ordered." Id. at 481. The question whether a decision maker possesses "final policymaking

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authority," the Court stated, is a question of State law. [Note 9] Id. at 483.

In St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127 (1988), the Court stated: "When an official's discretionary decisions are constrained by policies not of that official's making, those policies, rather than the subordinate's departures from them, are the act of the municipality. . . . If the authorized policymakers approve a subordinate's decision and the basis for it, their ratification would be chargeable to the municipality . . . ."

Based on these developments in the Supreme Court's line of post-Monell decisions, Lincoln Smith, the plaintiff here, advances three theories under which Consalvo's unconstitutional acts are attributable to the city for the purposes of establishing Section 1983 liability. First, Smith argues that Consalvo, as director, possessed "final policymaking authority." Second, Smith argues that the mayor's alleged delegation of "policy making authority" to Consalvo necessarily constituted de facto municipal policy having the force and effect of law. Third, Smith argues that, if Consalvo did not possess final policymaking authority, the mayor ratified Consalvo's decision by his actions taken subsequent to the termination. We take up each argument in turn.

Smith asserts that Consalvo, as director, was the official responsible for establishing final policy with respect to personnel matters in the city and therefore Consalvo's acts are attributable to the city. While we have little difficulty concluding that Consalvo's position comes with trappings of authority and discretion as to matters of a managerial nature, we see no basis for the conclusion that the director (or supervisor) of personnel possesses final policy making authority with regard to the complained-of actions. We conclude that the director (or supervisor) of personnel is bound by policies enunciated by the mayor, and as such, these policies, and not

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Consalvo's abusive departure from them, serve as our benchmark for determining municipal liability.

We find support for our conclusion in the Revised Ordinances of the City of Boston. They present the mayor as the chief executive officer supported, in the administration of government, by the administrative services board (board). City of Boston Code, Ordinances, Title 5, Section 5-1.1 (as amended, 1991) (amendments not germane for purposes referred to herein). The board is under the charge of the director of administrative services who serves as the chairman of the board. Id. at Sections 5-1.1, 5-1.6.

The ordinances describe the duties of the director of administrative services as one who is to "make, under the Mayor, studies and recommendations with respect to the organization, activities, policies and procedures of all Departments, Boards and officers so that the administration thereof shall be economical and efficient" (emphasis added). Id. at Section 5-1.2. Thus, even the director of administrative services, who chairs the board overseeing the function of numerous departments, including Consalvo's, is not empowered to make final policy but merely makes recommendations to the mayor. Further, the duties of the supervisor of personnel described in the ordinances do not include responsibility for establishing final policy with respect to personnel matters. [Note 10]

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Given this organizational structure, it is clear that the mayor, not the director (or supervisor) of personnel, is the final policy making authority. While not completely outside the inner circle of policy makers, the director of personnel's policy making role is, at most, an advisory one.

Our conclusion is supported by the numerous executive orders and policy statements issued by the mayor's office governing personnel matters presented at trial. [Note 11] One such document is the Executive Employment Policy Manual (manual) adopted by executive order of the mayor, March 9, 1983. Section I(D) of the manual sets forth the city's general employment policy: "The Affirmative Action goals of the City of Boston are to provide fair and equal employment opportunities for employees and applicants for employment on the basis of individual merit and fitness as ascertained through fair and practical methods of selection and promotion . . . with proper regard for their . . . constitutional rights as citizens." Section I(B) of the manual, entitled "Coverage of this Policy," provides that "[a]ny changes to said plan must be approved by the Mayor . . . and the Supervisor of Personnel" (emphasis supplied).

Further, the manual provides at various points that the supervisor of personnel is responsible for administering, maintaining, reviewing, and implementing various aspects of the personnel management plan. See, e.g., id. at Section III(B). Indeed, the responsibilities of the supervisor of personnel delineated at various points in the manual belie the conclusion that one occupying the position possesses final policy making authority with regard to personnel matters and support the city's claim that someone other than Consalvo possessed final policy making authority with regard to these matters.

While the responsibilities of the supervisor of personnel as detailed in the ordinances and other city documents considered fail to describe one vested with final policy making authority,

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our conclusion here is based only on positive local law. The question whether Consalvo possessed final policy making authority as a matter of practice, or through custom and usage, is next considered.

For his second theory, Smith argues that the mayor delegated final policy making authority to Consalvo at the time Consalvo was appointed. Smith asserts that this delegation rendered the city liable for Consalvo's act because Consalvo's decision to terminate Smith necessarily constitutes "policy," despite the fact that Consalvo's practice was not authorized by law. Generally, Smith relies on the principle that the mayor's delegation and Consalvo's subsequent action constitute "custom and usage," having the force and effect of law thereby exposing the city to liability for Consalvo's actions.

In support of this proposition, Smith points to the conversation Consalvo had with the mayor at the time of his appointment and Consalvo's trial testimony. The mayor, in Consalvo's words, said that he had hired Consalvo to take over that office and "restructure it into a modern office of personnel management." Consalvo testified that he understood that he was "responsible for the personnel actions of all of the employees . . . and . . . the hiring and firing and the procedures dealing with personnel policy and the like." Further, Consalvo testified that he was not required to follow the previous director's policies and regulations in running the office.

Municipal liability for governmental custom or practice falling short of a formal government act under Section 1983 is well established, see Monell v. Department of Social Servs. of the City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658, 690-691 (1978), but Smith misconstrues its application. Governmental custom does not go to the propriety of a delegation of decision making authority, but rather to the existence of a widespread practice that, although not authorized by written law or express municipal policy, is "so permanent and well settled as to constitute a `custom or usage' with the force of law." St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127 (1988), quoting Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 167-168 (1970).

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To carry the day on the "custom" argument, the plaintiff must establish a pattern of occurrences or a practice similar to that experienced by him, but not necessarily induced by Consalvo, so as to rise to the level of custom thereby having the force and effect of law. Smith has cited no incidents that support such a conclusion. Smith cites only the language of the mayor's instruction: a charge that arguably does not extend beyond the scope of responsibilities defined in the city ordinances and the manual. [Note 12] Accordingly, we conclude that Consalvo's hiring and firing authority was constrained by overarching municipal policies. See St. Louis v. Praprotnik, supra at 127. Consalvo's decision to terminate Smith was an abuse of discretion failing to rise to the level of governmental custom or practice having the force and effect of law.

Corollary to the second theory, Smith advances the argument that a failure to hold the city liable in this instance will lead to "egregious attempts by local governments to insulate themselves from liability" by allowing, and perhaps encouraging, subordinates to carry out unconstitutional acts. St. Louis v. Praprotnik, supra at 127. While this argument does have appeal, the argument must fail. First, for the reasons noted above, egregious attempts by a municipality to avoid liability are actionable as de facto municipal policy (custom or usage) having the force and effect of law. Id. Second, imposing liability on the municipality for what we view as an abuse of discretion would, without more, be virtually indistinguishable from respondeat superior, a basis of Section 1983 liability

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that the Supreme Court of the United States has rejected.

On his third theory, Smith argues that the mayor ratified Consalvo's unconstitutional acts in failing to overrule them after he was advised of their occurrence at the meeting on June 30. We find no merit to this argument.

We assume for the purposes of discussion that Consalvo's act would be attributable to the city if the mayor is found to have ratified Consalvo's decision. We note that Smith produced no evidence showing that the mayor approved of Consalvo's decision and the basis for it prior to Smith's termination. The only evidence tending to support this ratification theory is Smith's description of the circumstances leading to his termination at the June 30 meeting and the mayor's subsequent promise "that things would be taken care of." Assuming, for the moment, that the correct point in time for inquiry is after termination, [Note 13] the record does not support the conclusion that the mayor ratified Consalvo's decision and the basis for it. The circumstances lead us to the conclusion that the mayor, at most, acquiesced in Consalvo's decision. Mere acquiescence in a subordinate's decision will not subject the municipality to liability because the governmental policy itself causes the violation.

In conclusion, we cannot say that Consalvo's acts are attributable to the city under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983. Smith failed to show that Consalvo possessed final policy making authority with respect to the complained-of activities and failed to demonstrate the existence of a municipal policy, express or implied, that caused the constitutional harm. The authority to act for the city does not necessarily grant license to establish final policy. Responsibility for Consalvo's acts, deplorable as they were, rests squarely on his own shoulders. We recognize that Consalvo's illegal acts cost Smith his job, but relief against the city is beyond our grasp on the grounds

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asserted. Accordingly, we find no error in the trial judge's grant of the city's motion for a directed verdict on the Federal civil rights claim.

Judgment affirmed.