LOUIS R. DESANCTIS vs. LYNN WATER AND SEWER COMMISSION

ABRAMS, J. The plaintiff, Louis R. DeSanctis, appeals from the judgment of the Superior Court denying him recovery on his claims that the defendant, the Lynn water and sewer commission (LWSC), caused or permitted water to flow onto his land over an extended period of time, causing his property to become inundated with water, and altering the physical characteristics of the land permanently. The plaintiff asserted claims in trespass, nuisance, and takings, seeking both injunc-

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tive and monetary relief against the city of Lynn, the town of Saugus, Kenneth W. Sanders, and the LWSC. The takings claim was directed out by the Superior Court judge, the question of injunctive relief reserved, and the remaining counts tried before a jury which returned a verdict in the form of answers to special questions. The jurors found in favor of Saugus and Sanders on every claim. [Note 1] The jurors concluded that the LWSC had not intentionally or by unreasonable use caused water to flow onto the plaintiff's property but that it had negligently done so. The jurors determined that LWSC had 20% responsibility for the plaintiff's damage and that the plaintiff, through his filling work, caused or contributed to 80% of the damage. Invoking G. L. c. 231, s. 85 (1994 ed.), the Commonwealth's comparative negligence statute, the trial judge barred the plaintiff from recovery. The plaintiff appeals only that portion of the ruling that denied him recovery of damages against LWSC and, therefore, we discuss only the facts relevant to that claim. We transferred the case to this court on our own motion.

The plaintiff is the fee owner of 14.7 acres of land located on the easterly side of Route 1 in Saugus. He leased this land in 1954 and purchased it in 1966. Approximately 6.3 acres of this land are protected wetlands and therefore unsuitable for development. [Note 2] Two reservoirs, Walden Pond and Birch Pond, connect at a structure known as a wellhole immediately adjacent to the plaintiff's property on land managed by LWSC. This land also contains pipes and tunnels comprising part of the Lynn water supply system.

The parties are in sharp disagreement as to the age and cause of the wetland conditions on the plaintiff's property. The plaintiff said that when he purchased the property in 1966 it was not inundated with water and he was not aware it was considered a wetland. At trial, the plaintiff produced evidence that the dam at the wellhole weeped or caused small

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trickles of water to escape and thereby steadily flow onto his land. Further evidence showed that on at least two occasions, in 1969 and 1971 (prior to the creation of LWSC by St. 1982, c. 381), the dam at the wellhole overflowed, flooding the plaintiff's property and neighboring Route 1. In 1985 the dam was again breached, resulting in water entering the plaintiff's property. The plaintiff contends that these problems with the wellhole and its pipe and tunnel structure caused the damage to his property.

The defendants defended on the theory that their actions with regard to the collection and dispersion of surface water benefitted the plaintiff by retarding the flow of water onto his land rather than causing water to flow onto the land. The LWSC argued that without the wellhole, more water would naturally flow onto the plaintiff's property. [Note 3] The defendants asserted that the land has always been a wetland. They produced evidence at trial that the plaintiff's land was at the bottom of a natural drainage basin, was depicted on maps, soil surveys, and photographs as a swamp or marshland since at least 1829, and that a soil test confirmed that the land had been a wetland for at least thirty years. [Note 4] The defendants counterattacked with allegations that the plaintiff's illegal filling activity on the land blocked the natural flow of water and caused an increase in the amount and spread of the water on the plaintiff's property. [Note 5] LWSC introduced evidence that additional fill and blasting ledge had been placed on the

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plaintiff's land prior to 1984 and again in 1989. Aerial photographs showed that the natural drainage channel was blocked by this filling activity.

The jurors concluded that LWSC was negligent and was 20% responsible for the damage and or adverse changes to the plaintiff's property and the plaintiff was 80% responsible for the changes and or damage. They determined that the damage was not repairable and reduced the value of the plaintiff's property by $143,000. Following the verdict, the plaintiff moved for entry of judgment in the amount of $715,000, plus interest and costs and renewed his motion for an injunction against further spillage of water. The plaintiff argued, based on an ex parte telephone call from a juror, that the jurors intended to award the plaintiff $143,000 as 20% of the total damages. He argued that the jurors' findings compel the legal conclusion that the LWSC has committed a nuisance and that, because nuisance liability is not subject to comparative negligence set-off, he should recover the full amount of his damages. The plaintiff's posttrial motion was denied and he appeals. We conclude that, because the jurors determined that LWSC did not use its land unreasonably, the plaintiff has not sustained his burden of proof under a private nuisance theory. We further conclude that G. L. c. 231, s. 85, bars the plaintiff's recovery under a negligent trespass theory. We affirm the judgment.

A. Interference with natural drainage of surface waters. The plaintiff contends that he was irreparably harmed by the flow of surface water from the defendant's property onto his land. [Note 6] He alleges that LWSC's negligent maintenance of the wellhole and its adjoining pipes and culverts created a private

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nuisance for which it is liable without regard to the plaintiff's comparative negligence. We conclude, on the basis of the jurors' answers to the special questions, that LWSC's actions did not create an actionable private nuisance and that LWSC was therefore not liable under a private nuisance theory. [Note 7]

In Massachusetts, liability for a private nuisance caused by the flow of surface waters from a landowner's property to that of an adjoining landowner depends on whether the landowner is making a reasonable use of his land. See Tucker v. Badoian, 376 Mass. 907, 916-917 (1978) (Kaplan, J., concurring) (announcing intention to replace rigid and anarchic "common enemy" rule with reasonable use doctrine). See also von Henneberg v. Generazio, 403 Mass. 519, 522 (1988) (recognizing that since Tucker, supra, reasonable use doctrine is law of Massachusetts with regard to claims of private nuisance resulting from the flow of surface water); Triangle Ctr., Inc. v. Department of Pub. Works, 386 Mass. 858, 863 (1982) (applying reasonable use doctrine to public landowners).

Under the reasonable use doctrine, "each possessor is legally privileged to make a reasonable use of his land, even though the flow of surface waters is altered thereby and causes some harm to others, but incurs liability when his harmful interference with the flow of surface waters is unreasonable." Armstrong v. Francis Corp., 20 N.J. 320, 327 (1956). Reasonableness is a question of fact for the jurors whose decision is based on consideration of all the relevant circumstances including the amount of harm caused, the foreseeability of the harm which results, the purpose or motive with which the possessor acted, and all other relevant matter. Tucker, supra at 917-918 n.2. The jurors also must consider whether the utility of the possessor's use of his land outweighs the gravity of the harm which results from his alteration of the flow of surface waters. Armstrong, supra at 330. See Tucker, supra.

Contrary to the plaintiff's contention, a determination by the jurors that LWSC negligently caused water to flow onto the plaintiff's land and adversely change or otherwise damage the plaintiff's land is not sufficient to support liability for a

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private nuisance. The cases cited by the plaintiff do not support his contention that the negligent diversion of surface water is per se a private nuisance because each, unlike this case, involved a finding that the defendant landowner was making an unreasonable use of his land. See, e.g., von Henneberg v. Generazio, supra; Triangle Ctr., Inc. v. Department of Pub. Works, supra; Schleissner v. Provincetown, 27 Mass. App. Ct. 392 (1989). A determination of unreasonable use is essential to the successful maintenance of a private nuisance claim for diversion of surface waters. Negligence, while relevant to the reasonableness of LWSC's use of its land, is not determinative of the existence of a private nuisance. See Butler v. Bruno, 115 R.I. 264, 273 (1975) ("The New Hampshire rule of reasonable use does not rest on negligence, nor does it focus solely on the character of the property owner's action. Instead, it focuses on the results of the action, the consequent interference with another's use and enjoyment of his land -- much like the nuisance branch of tort law"). "Under the Tucker standard, the fact finder must view the landowner's activity on his land with an eye toward the effect of that activity on the flow of surface waters." von Henneberg, supra at 523. If a landowner fails to control the flow of surface waters but on a consideration of all relevant factors his actions are reasonable, an action for private nuisance will not lie. "Regardless of the category into which the defendant's actions fall [intentional and unreasonable or negligent, reckless, or abnormally dangerous], the reasonable use rule explicitly, as in the case of intentional acts, or implicitly, as in the case of negligent acts, requires a finding that the conduct of the defendant was unreasonable. This is the essential inquiry in any nuisance action." Pendergrast v. Aiken, 293 N.C. 201, 217 (1977).

Here the jurors, properly charged in line with Tucker v. Badoian, supra, [Note 8] determined by their answer to a special question that the LWSC did not make an unreasonable use of its land. The jurors, when asked whether LWSC "intentionally or negligently, or by unreasonable use of its property, cause[d] water to flow onto the DeSanctis property," concluded that LWSC negligently caused water to flow onto the DeSanctis

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property but did not intentionally or by unreasonable use cause water to flow onto the property. [Note 9] The jurors' conclusion that LWSC did not make an unreasonable use of its land is supported by the evidence and is binding on the plaintiff. [Note 10] It is conclusive as to the plaintiff's claim of private nuisance. See Schleissner v. Provincetown, 27 Mass. App. Ct. 392, 394 (1989) ("The determination whether the town has created a nuisance depends on whether it is making reasonable use of its property to control the collection and disposal of surface waters"). See also von Henneberg v. Generazio, 403 Mass. 519, 522 (1988).

B. Negligence. The jurors' failure to find unreasonable use while precluding recovery under a private nuisance theory does not preclude the plaintiff's recovery under an independent cause of action for negligent trespass. See Tarzia v. Hingham, 35 Mass. App. Ct. 506, 508-510 (1993) (distinguishing negligence and private nuisance). A plaintiff may recover under the theory of negligent trespass if the jurors determine that the defendant was negligent and that the defendant's negligent entry onto the plaintiff's land caused the plaintiff harm. See Restatement Second of Torts s. 165 (1965); Cannon v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 374 Mass. 739, 742 (1978) ("A cause of action based on negligence requires that both negligence and harm be shown, with a causal connection between these two elements"). Absent comparative negligence on the part of the plaintiff, he would be entitled, given the jurors' findings of negligence and causation, to recovery under the theory of negligent trespass.

The jurors were not specifically asked whether the plaintiff was comparatively negligent. [Note 11] Despite this failure, we agree with the trial judge that the jurors' answers to special ques-

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tions were sufficient to bar the plaintiff's recovery under principles of comparative negligence. In answer to special questions, the jurors determined that the plaintiff's filling work caused or contributed to his damage and that the plaintiff was responsible for 80% of the total damage to his property. These conclusions were well supported by the evidence and could only have resulted if the jurors determined that the plaintiff's filling work on his land constituted negligence. LWSC offered overwhelming evidence that the plaintiff engaged in filling activity on his land, that this filling activity was in violation of a criminal statute designed to protect wetlands from alteration, and that such activity unintentionally blocked the natural drainage of surface water on the plaintiff's land and thereby caused substantial damage

to the plaintiff's land. Once such evidence of the plaintiff's negligence in causing alteration to the wetlands on his property was introduced, the presumption that the plaintiff was acting with due care no longer had any effect. Morgan v. Lalumiere, 22 Mass. App. Ct. 262, 265 (1986). The plaintiff's own testimony confirmed that he illegally filled the land, that he did not intend to block the drainage channel and create wetland conditions on his land, and that he did not consider the proximity to the wetlands when he did engaged in the filling activity. We conclude that the jurors' answers to the special question that the plaintiff was responsible for 80% of his damage, in conjunction with the evidence that the plaintiff acted in violation of the criminal statute and that the plaintiff's actions either caused the creation or the exacerbation of the wetland conditions on his land, necessitates the conclusion as a matter of law that the jurors determined that the plaintiff was contributorily negligent in causing substantial damage to his own property. [Note 12] See Brown v. Boston & Me. R.R., 302 Mass. 90, 91-92 (1939) (motor vehicle operator

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guilty of contributory negligence as matter of law where all evidence indicates that he had ample opportunity to exercise proper caution and did not do so, acting in violation of statute); Joyce v. New York, N.H. & H.R.R., 301 Mass. 361, 364-365 (1938).

Because the jurors concluded that the plaintiff bore more than 50% of the responsibility for his damage, G. L. c. 231, s. 85, the comparative negligence statute bars the plaintiff from recovering any damages from LWSC under a negligence cause of action. See Morgan v. Lalumiere, supra. The trial judge, therefore, acted properly in denying the plaintiff recovery.

Judgment affirmed.