COMMONWEALTH vs. ROBERT BARSELL.

FRIED, J. The Commonwealth appeals from an order of a Superior Court judge granting the defendant's amended motion to vacate a judgment and ordering resentencing on the ground that solicitation of a felony, here murder, is only punishable as a misdemeanor. We transferred the case to this court on our own motion and we affirm.

I

On July 7, 1993, Barsell pleaded guilty to a charge of solicitation to commit murder, and received a sentence of from six to ten years in State prison, suspended for five years. The defendant moved to have the sentence vacated on the ground that solicitation to murder is a common law misdemeanor, and thus punishable only by a sentence to a county house of correction. The Commonwealth asks us to vacate the decision

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of the motion judge who granted Barsell's motion, and asks us to remand this case to the Superior Court with instructions to reinstate Barsell's original sentence. The Commonwealth contends that solicitation to murder is a felony under traditional common law principles, or that, in the alternative, G. L. c. 279, s. 5, by providing "punishment consistent with the nature of the crime," effectively amends the common law to allow the more severe sentence in this case.

II

The solicitation of "another to commit a felony or other aggravated offence" is an "indictable offence at common law" in Massachusetts. Commonwealth v. Flagg, 135 Mass. 545, 549 (1883). See Commonwealth v. Scagliotti, 373 Mass. 626, 627 (1977). Under the common law, the solicitation of another to commit a felony, or, as this court said in 1839, to commit a crime that "is of a high and aggravated character, tending to breaches of the peace or other great disorder and violence, being what are usually considered mala in se or criminal in themselves," Commonwealth v. Willard, 22 Pick. 476, 478 (1839), has been "uniformly held indictable as a misdemeanor." 2 W.R. LaFave & A.W. Scott, Substantive Criminal Law s. 6.1, at 4 (1986). The offense of solicitation took its shape in the common law primarily during the nineteenth century as the result of two English cases, Rex v. Higgins, 102 Eng. Rep. 269 (1801) (soliciting a servant to steal his master's goods), and Rex v. Phillips, 102 Eng. Rep. 1365 (1805) (endeavor to "provoke and excite" another to a duel), subsequently cited with authorization by this court. See Commonwealth v. Willard, supra at 478; Commonwealth v. Harrington, 3 Pick. 26, 29-30 (1825) ("exciting, encouraging, and aiding one" to keep a "bawdy-house"). Although much of our precedent grows out of charges that seem quaint and antiquated, and our texts appear on pages that have grown brittle and yellowed with the passage of time, we are not free to impose by our own pronouncement a harsher punishment than our precedents allow. Willard remains the last clear and valid pronouncement on the law of solicitation within this State and we are bound to follow it. The task of revising the schedule of punishments, long overdue though it may be, must be undertaken by the Legislature.

The Commonwealth seeks to dissuade us from following

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our pronouncement in Willard, by pointing out that the precise issue facing the court at that time examined whether the law of solicitation applied to an attempt by one to induce another to violate a statute which criminalized the sale of certain "spirituous liquors." Id. at 477. The court held that the common law of solicitation did not apply at all in this case of an anticipated "mala prohibita" violation, id. at 478, but noted, in what the Commonwealth labels dictum, that the common law would make solicitation to commit a felony a misdemeanor. Additionally, the Commonwealth observes that Commonwealth v. Flagg, supra at 549, merely stated that solicitation to commit a felony, in that case arson, was an indictable offense and did not declare whether such offense would be punishable as a felony or a misdemeanor.

Our reading of Willard, however, viewing solicitation as a misdemeanor under the common law, is shared by all the contemporary commentators. See 2 W.R. LaFave & A.W. Scott, Substantive Criminal Law, supra; 4 C. Torcia, Wharton's Criminal Law s. 713, at 511 (14th ed. 1981); R. Perkins & R.N. Boyce, Criminal Law 648 (3d ed. 1982). See also People v. Shafou, 416 Mich. 113, 144 (1982) (Levin, J., dissenting) ("[c]ommon-law solicitation, which seems to be the rule in 23 states, is a misdemeanor"); People v. Werblow, 241 N.Y. 55, 66 (1925) ("incitement to a felony" was a misdemeanor at common law); State v. Lee, 618 S.W.2d 320, 324 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981) (in case involving solicitation to commit murder, court noted that solicitation was "merely a common law misdemeanor" until codified as a felony in 1973). [Note 1]

Solicitation is one of the three traditional inchoate crimes: solicitation, attempt, and conspiracy. Both attempt and conspiracy have been redefined and codified as felonies pursuant to statutes enacted by the Legislature. G. L. c. 274, s. 6 (penalties for attempt). G. L. c. 274, s. 7 (penalties for con-

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spiracy). Apart from acts of solicitation for prostitution, G. L. c. 272, s. 53A, however, solicitation has not been addressed and thus remains a common law crime. Under the Model Penal Code 364, 484 (1985), solicitation to commit a crime, see s. 5.02 (1), is considered a crime "of the same grade and degree as the most serious offense that is . . . solicited," s. 5.05 (1), and is thus subject to the same penalty as the completed offense. [Note 2] See R. Perkins & R.N. Boyce, supra at 653. The Legislature, however, has not addressed this issue. "[T]he Model Penal Code is not the law of the Commonwealth" and while our criminal law may be notably deficient in this respect, "revision . . . is for the Legislature, not this court." Commonwealth v. Schnopps, 390 Mass. 722, 726-727 n.4 (1984).

As increasing numbers of States have chosen to codify their law on solicitation, a great variety of approaches to criminal solicitation have emerged. Some States have chosen to extend statutory coverage to the solicitation of all crimes, [Note 3] some covering only the solicitation of felonies, [Note 4] others distinguishing between particular classes of felonies, [Note 5] and some address-

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ing only the solicitation of statutorily specified offenses. [Note 6] In addressing penalties, some States have chosen to treat solicitation crimes one or more levels below that of the offense solicited [Note 7] while others follow the Model Penal Code by authorizing punishment equal to that allowed for the solicited crime. [Note 8] 2 W.R. LaFave & A.W. Scott, supra at 5. This divergence among statutory schemes reinforces our judgment that this is an area that must be left to comprehensive legislation, rather than the type of ad hoc, fact-specific, case-by-case development that would result from an attempt to solve this problem through our continued reliance on common law. [Note 9]

The Commonwealth's final argument is that the Legislature effectively amended the common law when it enacted G. L. c. 279, s. 5, which states in part: "If no punishment for a crime is provided by statute, the court shall impose such sentence, according to the nature of the crime, as conforms to the common usage and practice in the commonwealth." The Commonwealth urges us to adopt the approach taken by a

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Superior Court judge in Commonwealth vs. Clark, Plymouth Superior Court No. 92798 (June 16, 1993), in which the judge's memorandum of decision compared solicitation to murder to the codified crimes of "attempt, conspiracy, and accessory before the fact." The statute the Commonwealth relies on, however, does not persuade us to this conclusion. General Laws c. 279, s. 5, addresses the appropriate punishment for crimes where punishment has not been designated by statute. Whether such an unfettered discretion to fix punishments after the fact accords with due process we need not decide, for this statute does not address the designation, misdemeanor or felony, of the crime itself. Where our existing law denotes a crime as a misdemeanor, the issue of punishment is clear. By statute, misdemeanors are not punishable by imprisonment in a State prison. G. L. c. 274, s. 1. Commonwealth v. Sheeran, 370 Mass. 82, 88 (1976).

The motion judge's order vacating the judgment and remanding this case for resentencing is affirmed.

So ordered.