COMMONWEALTH vs. LOWELL GAS LIGHT COMPANY

CONTRACT brought to recover the amount of a tax assessed upon a gas light corporation, for the year 1864, under St. 1864, c. 208.

It was agreed, in this court, that all the formal requirements of the statute had been complied with. The commissioners determined the market value of the capital stock of the defendants to be $240,000, and deducted therefrom the value of the real estate and machinery for making gas, amounting together to $126,354; leaving a balance of $113,646, upon which they assessed the tax now sought to be recovered. The mains and pipes used for distributing gas, laid in the streets and ways of Lowell, and the mains leading from the works to the gasometers, together with the meters in the places where the gas is taken, were of the value of $113,646.

The defendants were incorporated by St. 1849, c. 234, and were taxed in Lowell in 1864 for all their property, valued at $240,000.

The case was reserved, by Chapman, J., for the determination of the full court.

Reed, A. G., for the Commonwealth. The defendants are a quasi public corporation, and therefore were not taxable in Lowell for their mains, supply-pipes and meters. St. 1849, c. 234. Gen. Sts. c. 61, § 16. St. 1861, c. 168. Boston Water Power

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Co. v. Boston, 9 Met. 199 . Wayland v. County Commissioners, 4 Gray 500 , and cases cited. Charlestown v. County Commissioners, 1 Allen 199 . The defendants have power to dig up and open streets and lanes; a use for which the person owning the fee might claim damages. They likewise have public duties. They may be compelled to light the streets. See Shepard v. Milwaukee Gas Co. 6 Wisconsin, 539; S. C. 11 Wisconsin, 234; St. 1861, c. 168, §§ 11,12. A gas light company is intended for the benefit of the public, as much as an aqueduct company.

The property in question is neither real estate nor machinery.

T. Wentworth, for the defendants.

BIGELOW, C. J. The question submitted to us in this case is not whether a corporation established for the purpose of making and supplying gas may not be properly taxable under St. 1864, c. 208, § 5, if it shall be found that the market value of all the shares or capital stock of such corporation exceeds the value of its real estate and machinery as returned by the assessors of a town or city, according to the provision in § 1. We do not understand that the legislature intended that the assessment authorized by that statute should be imposed as a tax on property. It was designed to be in the nature of an excise or duty on the franchise or privilege of each of the corporations designated, to be estimated and measured by ascertaining the excess of the market value of the capital stock or aggregate of the shares over the value of the real estate and machinery for which each corporation was assessed in the town or city in which it was established and carried on its business. See Commonwealth v. Hamilton Manuf. Co. post, 298. There may be cases, therefore, where a corporation may be possessed of no personal estate whatever, the whole of its property being invested in real estate and machinery, and yet it may be liable to assessment under the provisions of the statute, because the market value of all its shares may exceed the value of its real estate and machinery; its franchise or corporate rights and privileges being estimated at a value beyond all the property in its possession, as shown by the price for which its shares are sold in the market. In this

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aspect, it is clear that it was competent for the legislature to impose the assessment as an excise or duty under the Constitution, part 2, c. 1, § 1, art. 4.

It is contended, in behalf of the Commonwealth, that the tax assessed on the defendants is legal and valid, and that no deduction ought to be made therefrom on account of real estate or machinery owned by them, because the corporation is not taxable at all therefor in the city of Lowell. The ground of this contention is, that the defendants are a quasi public corporation, and come within the principle on which turnpike, railroad, canal and other like corporations, established for the convenience and accommodation of the public, are held to be exempt from ordinary taxation in the cities or towns where they own property, which is held and used by them for purposes connected with or essential to the due exercise of their corporate rights and duties.

But we fail to see that the defendants can be properly regarded as a corporation of this character. No public duty is imposed upon them, nor are they charged with any public trust. They are authorized to make and distribute gas for their own profit and gain only. They are not bound to sell and dispose of it to any one, either for public or private use or consumption. It is entirely at their own option whether they will exercise their corporate rights and privileges at all; and if they undertake to manufacture and dispose of gas, the extent to which they shall carry on the business is left to their own election. Nor is any power conferred upon them to take private property, not previously appropriated to a public use, for the purpose of exercising and enjoying their franchise. The only right or privilege given to them is to dig up public streets and ways for the purpose of laying down their mains or pipes. The word "lanes" in the statute does not signify the land of individuals over which there is only a private right of way, but, construed with reference to the maxim noscitur a sociis, must be held to mean only such ways as the public have acquired a right to use. The right which the defendants have is only to use land, the whole beneficial use of which has been previously taken from the owner and appropriated for a public use, in such manner that no nuisance

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shall be committed, no disturbance be created to the easement of the public, and no injury done to abutting owners of private property. St. 1849, c. 234. Gen. Sts. c. 61, § 16. There is therefore no ground for the exemption of the defendants from ordinary taxation on their real estate and machinery.

The remaining question is, whether the commissioners appointed to ascertain and fix the value of the aggregate of the shares or capital stock, and to deduct therefrom the value of the real estate and machinery belonging to the corporation, have properly omitted to include within the latter the value of the mains and pipes used for distributing gas throughout the city in the various streets, lanes and by-ways, and also the value of the mains leading from the place where the gas is made to the large gas-holders, together with the value of the meters through which the gas passes in each place where it is consumed, in order to measure the quantity there used. On this question, it seems to us that there is no room for serious doubt. The corporation is established, in the words of the act creating it, "for the purpose of manufacturing and disposing of gas in the city of Lowell." The mains or pipes laid down in the streets and elsewhere to distribute the gas among those who are to consume it were clearly a part of the apparatus necessary to be used by the corporation in order to accomplish the object for which it was established. They constituted a part of the machinery by means of which the corporate business was carried on, in the same manner as pipes attached to a pump or fire engine for the distribution of water, or wheels in a mill which communicate motion to looms and spindles, or the pipes attached to a steam-engine to convey and distribute heat and steam for manufacturing purposes, make a portion of the machinery of the mill in which they are used. Indeed, in a broad, comprehensive and legitimate sense, the entire apparatus by which gas is manufactured and distributed for consumption throughout a city or town constitutes one great integral machine, consisting of retorts, station-meters, gas-holders, streetmains, service-pipes and consumers' meters, all connected and operating together, by means of which the initial, intermediate

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and final processes are carried on, from its generation in the retort to its delivery for the use of the consumers. No satisfactory reason has been suggested by the attorney general for excluding any part of the value of this apparatus from the deduction which the tax commissioners are required to make for the machinery of the corporation properly taxable in the city where it is established, and we have been unable to see any plausible ground for refusing to make such deduction.

Therefore, in conformity to the agreement of the parties, the entry is to be

Judgment for the defendants.