COMMONWEALTH vs. DOMINIQUE M. OLIVER.

DITKOFF, J. The defendant, Dominique M. Oliver, appeals from a conviction, after a District Court jury trial, of uttering a false check, in violation of G. L. c. 267, § 5. [Note 1] We conclude that the jury reasonably found that the defendant knew that the check she

Page 610

cashed was forged, based on evidence that it was apparent that the signature on the forged check did not match the name of the purported maker, combined with the defendant's use of the drawee bank to obtain a large amount of cash. Further concluding that the trial judge properly used the model jury instructions, we affirm.

1. Background. a. The Commonwealth's case. At 12:45 P.M. on January 19, 2019, the defendant entered the Malden branch of the Salem Five Cents Savings Bank (Salem Five Bank). She approached the counter and presented a check for $3,600 to the teller. The check was a Salem Five Bank check made out to the defendant on the joint account of Dr. Thomas Mahoney and his wife, Eileen Mahoney, a retired nurse. The check purported to be signed by Eileen. [Note 2] Unlike the signatures on many checks, this signature was clear and legible, with each letter easily discernable. [Note 3] Eileen's name, however, was misspelled; the spelling did not match her printed name on the check.

The defendant endorsed the check with her signature. She presented her genuine Massachusetts driver's license to the teller and "successfully withdr[ew]" the funds. A Salem Five Bank complaint manager testified that the process for cashing a check involved obtaining identification for the person cashing the check and checking to see whether the "customer is on the OFAC list." [Note 4] As described by the bank manager, the process for cashing a check did not include an evaluation of the signature on the check.

This check was numbered 9824; the other checks drawn on the Mahoneys' account from that time period all were numbered

Page 611

between 1551 and 1786. With the sole exception of an electronic mortgage payment, no other check from this time period exceeded $800.

As it happened, the Mahoneys' Social Security and annuity payments had been electronically deposited on January 16, so there were adequate funds to cover the withdrawal. Over the course of the next week, the account was depleted through legitimate transactions. Perhaps because the Mahoneys had been customers for over forty years, the bank kindly honored the checks that drew on insufficient funds and notified Eileen by e-mail that her account had been depleted.

Eileen went to the bank, where an employee showed her the $3,600 check. The employee also showed her a photograph of the defendant's cashing the check. Eileen reported the check forged (signing the report with her neat and legible signature) and notified the police. At trial, Eileen testified that she did not sign the $3,600 check and did not know any person by the defendant's name.

The defendant elicited from Eileen that, at some point in 2019, the daughter of a visiting aide from the Veterans Administration stole a check from her and "was enhancing the check." There was no evidence when this occurred in relation to January 19, 2019. [Note 5]

b. The defendant's case. The defendant testified and admitted to cashing the check. She stated that she had received the check from Yolanda Morris as payment for four to five months of caring for Morris's son, a full-time wheelchair user, who was the victim of a shooting. She testified that she did not notice that the check was not drawn from Morris's account. She stated that she "did not observe the check prior to cashing it" because "it was COVID" [Note 6] and she "was excited."

2. Sufficiency of the evidence. a. Standard of review. "When reviewing the denial of a motion for a required finding of not guilty, 'we consider the evidence introduced at trial in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, and determine whether a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.'" Commonwealth v. Quinones, 95 Mass. App. Ct. 156, 162 (2019), quoting

Page 612

Commonwealth v. Faherty, 93 Mass. App. Ct. 129, 133 (2018). "The inferences that support a conviction 'need only be reasonable and possible; [they] need not be necessary or inescapable.'" Commonwealth v. Lagotic, 102 Mass. App. Ct. 405, 407 (2023), quoting Commonwealth v. Ross, 92 Mass. App. Ct. 377, 378 (2017). "Because the defendant moved for a required finding of not guilty at the close of the Commonwealth's case, we review the sufficiency of only the evidence presented at the time the Commonwealth rested after its case-in-chief." Commonwealth v. Carrillo, 483 Mass. 269, 271-272 (2019). [Note 7]

b. Uttering. "In order to support a conviction of uttering, the Commonwealth must show that the defendant '(1) offer[ed] as genuine; (2) an instrument; (3) known to be forged; (4) with the intent to defraud.'" Commonwealth v. Bonilla, 89 Mass. App. Ct. 263, 265 (2016), quoting Commonwealth v. O'Connell, 438 Mass. 658, 664 n.9 (2003). Accord Commonwealth v. Stirlacci, 483 Mass. 775, 789 (2020). There is no challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence on the first two elements. Rather, the defendant challenges the sufficiency of the Commonwealth's evidence that the defendant knew the check was forged, an argument that goes to the third and fourth elements. [Note 8]

"Knowledge is a question of fact, and proof is frequently made by inference from the facts and circumstances developed at trial." Commonwealth v. Tavares, 87 Mass. App. Ct. 471, 475 (2015). In the context of knowledge of forgery (as in all contexts), "[c]ircumstantial evidence is competent to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." Commonwealth v. Murphy, 70 Mass. App. Ct. 774, 777 (2007), quoting Commonwealth v. Merola, 405 Mass. 529, 533 (1989).

We do not write on a blank slate. In Commonwealth v. Scordino, 102 Mass. App. Ct. 586, 588 (2023), we concluded that "evidence that a defendant in an otherwise unremarkable bank

Page 613

transaction who cashed a check from a person who did not know the defendant and did not owe the defendant money, alone" is not "sufficient to support a finding beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant knew the instrument was forged and acted with an intent to defraud."

Here, the Commonwealth presented more than the mere fact of the defendant's cashing a check purportedly made by a person who did not know the defendant and did not owe her money. First, and most important, the evidence of forgery was apparent from the face of the check. Eileen Mahoney's name is misspelled in the signature line, and the misspelling is obvious because the name is spelled differently from how it appears in the printed name on the check. As mentioned, this is not a case where the misspelling is debatable because the signature is sloppy or otherwise unreadable. Here, the signature is neat and precise, and every letter can be read with ease. Because the forgery was patent on the face of the check that the defendant presented, the jury could reasonably infer that she knew of the forgery. See Tavares, 87 Mass. App. Ct. at 475 (sufficient evidence where counterfeit bills "were patently fake in appearance"). Accord State v. Gantt, 504 S.W.2d 295, 298, 300 (Mo. Ct. App. 1973) (sufficient evidence where, inter alia, purported maker's first name was misspelled); Mooney v. State, 888 S.W.2d 182, 184 (Tex. Ct. App. 1994) (sufficient evidence where "alteration was apparent"); State v. Kilhstrom, 988 P.2d 949, 953 (Utah App. 1999) (sufficient evidence would exist where "the signature does not match the name printed on the check").

To be sure, it is possible that a person could fail to notice that the signature on a check did not match the name on the check, even where the signature is as clear and legible as in this case. Indeed, the defendant could argue (even without testimony from the defendant, as here) the improbable proposition that the defendant cashed the check without ever looking at it. The jury, however, were not required to draw either of those inferences. Rather, "the inferences a jury may draw need only be reasonable and possible and need not be necessary or inescapable." Commonwealth v. Kapaia, 490 Mass. 787, 791 (2022), quoting Commonwealth v. West, 487 Mass. 794, 800 (2021). Among those reasonable inferences is that a person looks at a check before cashing it, especially where, as here, the check was for a large amount.

Second, the evidence at trial was that a check could be deposited into a bank account by a mobile deposit or at an automated

Page 614

teller machine, but that receiving cash for it required going to the bank in person and presenting identification. The defendant went to the bank that the check was drawn on, presented a driver's license, and "successfully withdr[ew]" $3,600 from the account. Unlike in Scordino, 102 Mass. App. Ct. at 586, where the defendant went to her own bank and cashed a much smaller check, here the jury could reasonably infer that the defendant's use of the drawee bank to secure immediate possession of a large amount of cash supported the inference that she knew that the check was forged. See State v. Torres, 111 Conn. App. 575, 583-584 (2008) (circumstances of withdrawal of cash created inference of knowledge that check was forged); Huntley v. State, 4 S.W.3d 813, 815 (Tex. Ct. App. 1999) (en banc) (amount of check contributed to sufficiency as it is "unlikely that appellant would have been given such a large check by a stranger"). The evidence here was more than an "unremarkable bank transaction [by a defendant] who cashed a check from a person who did not know the defendant and did not owe the defendant money," Scordino, supra at 588, and was sufficient to allow a reasonable jury to conclude that the defendant knew that the check she cashed was forged.

3. Jury instructions. "Judges have broad discretion in framing jury instructions, including determining the appropriate degree of elaboration." Commonwealth v. Toolan, 490 Mass. 698, 708 (2022). "When reviewing jury instructions, we 'evaluate the instruction as a whole, looking for the interpretation a reasonable juror would place on the judge's words.'" Commonwealth v. Fan, 490 Mass. 433, 453 (2022), quoting Commonwealth v. Odgren, 483 Mass. 41, 46 (2019). "Due to the defendant's failure to object to the jury instructions given at trial, our review is limited to determining whether any error in the instructions gave rise to a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice." Commonwealth v. Taranovsky, 93 Mass. App. Ct. 399, 405 (2018). [Note 9]

Here, following Instruction 8.240 of the Criminal Model Jury Instructions for Use in the District Court (2009), the trial judge instructed the jury that, to prove the third element of uttering, the Commonwealth had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt "that the

Page 615

Defendant knew [the check] was falsely made, forged or altered." This instruction adequately conveyed the requirement that the Commonwealth prove that the defendant knew that the check was forged. See Commonwealth v. Reddy, 85 Mass. App. Ct. 104, 112-113 (2014), quoting Commonwealth v. Walker, 421 Mass. 90, 100 (1995) ("The trial judge did not give the general knowledge instruction in the model jury instructions. . . . [T]he 'charge, as a whole, adequately covered the issue'"). There was no error.

Judgment affirmed.

SINGH, J. , (concurring). I agree that the defendant's conviction for uttering should be affirmed.

In my view, evidence that the victim did not know the defendant and had no reason to be paying her money is sufficient to create a reasonable inference that the defendant knew the check was a forgery. That view, however, is foreclosed by this court's holding in Commonwealth v. Scordino, 102 Mass. App. Ct. 586, 588-589 (2023). There, the court relied on a handful of cases that recite that guilty knowledge cannot be inferred from the mere passing of a forged instrument. [Note Singh-1] However, evidence that the victim has no relationship to the defendant is more evidence than the mere passing of a forged instrument. Where the account holder testifies that she has no relationship with the defendant, it is a reasonable inference that the defendant knows that the account holder has no reason to be paying the defendant and so must know that the check is not genuine. This is the prevailing

Page 616

view in jurisdictions that have considered the precise issue. [Note Singh-2]

But for this court's decision in Scordino, I would affirm based on the reasonable inference to be drawn between the lack of any relationship between the account holder and the defendant, without the need for any additional justification.