COMMONWEALTH vs. JOSENER DORISCA.

AGNES, J. The purpose of the confrontation clause is "'to put beyond the possibility of alteration except by the people themselves the principle already established as a part of the common law that the witnesses should confront the accused face to face' . . . [in order to] 'exclude any evidence by deposition, which could be

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given orally in the presence of the accused.'" Commonwealth v. Bergstrom, 402 Mass. 534, 544-545 (1988), quoting from Commonwealth v. Gallo, 275 Mass. 320, 333 (1931), and Commonwealth v. Slavski, 245 Mass. 405, 413 (1923). [Note 1] See Coy v. Iowa, 487 U.S. 1012, 1015-1016 (1988). There are only limited exceptions to this right. Bergstrom, 402 Mass. at 545-546. One such exception is when the prosecution demonstrates that a witness is unavailable to testify during the trial, and that she has made a statement out-of-court that is sufficiently trustworthy and reliable to qualify for admission under a recognized exception to the hearsay rule. Id. at 545.

In this case, in which the defendant was tried before a jury and convicted of murder in the second degree, we must decide whether the judge erred in concluding that the witness was unavailable without requiring the Commonwealth to provide additional information about her condition and without considering whether alternative arrangements were feasible as required by Commonwealth v. Housewright, 470 Mass. 665, 671-673 (2015). Although the judge did not have the benefit of Housewright, we conclude that it is applicable to this case, [Note 2] and that it was error to admit the witness's deposition in evidence. However, we also conclude that the erroneous admission of the videotaped deposition was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

Background. 1. The shooting death of the victim. On June 8, 2008, the victim and the defendant attended a graduation cookout on Turner Street in the city of Brockton. [Note 3] Numerous eyewitnesses, along with the defendant, testified that the victim, Bensney Toussaint,

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confronted the defendant at the cookout and initiated a physical altercation. [Note 4] Shortly thereafter, the victim was found dead from multiple gunshot wounds on a grassy area near the party. Many witnesses testified that they heard the gunshots or saw the sparks from the gun during the struggle between the defendant and the victim. None of the witnesses identified the defendant as the person who fired the shots, but there was compelling circumstantial evidence that was sufficient to permit the jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [Note 5] This evidence included eyewitness testimony that only two men were fighting, one of whom was the defendant and the other the victim, and conduct of and statements made by the defendant indicating consciousness of guilt. It could be inferred from the testimony of one of these witnesses, Kenny Cesar, that several shots were fired by the defendant as the two men struggled on the ground, and additional shots were fired by the defendant as he stood over the victim.

First responders to the scene found the victim surrounded by a large crowd of people. Someone was attempting to administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The victim was bleeding, and first responders observed that he had multiple gunshot wounds. Emergency medical personnel performed CPR at the scene and then transported the victim by ambulance to Brockton Hospital, where he was pronounced dead. The victim had suffered several gunshot wounds, including one on the back of the head and one on the left side of the head. He also suffered four chest wounds, resulting in two exit wounds in his back and two rounds remaining in his body.

The defendant testified that he did not have a gun and did not shoot the victim. He conceded that he and the victim fought, but explained that he tried to free himself and flee, but was being held down and punched by the victim. He said that they were surrounded by the friends of the victim. The defendant further testified that he heard a "boom." He felt the victim move off him and drop. The defendant heard four more "booms" and then saw that the victim was on his side with his legs still wrapped around the defendant's waist. The defendant moved the victim's legs and "took off." He testified that he saw his cousin, Rodley Doriscat,

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running away holding a gun. [Note 6]

The defendant testified that later in the evening he met Rodley, who told him that during the fight, Rodley thought the defendant's life was in danger, so Rodley poked the victim with a gun to get him off the defendant, but the victim grabbed his arm and Rodley shot him. Rodley dropped the defendant off in Randolph and returned one hour later with two prepaid phones. The pair then drove to New York City. The next morning the defendant bought a bus ticket to Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The defendant testified that Rodley told him that he was "gonna try [his] best to do what [he had] to do," which the defendant understood to mean that Rodley would turn himself in to the police, but he "need[ed] some time." Rodley never went to the police. He committed suicide some three years before trial. The defendant remained in Florida for nearly three years until he was arrested on unrelated charges. [Note 7] This led to the discovery of the outstanding warrant for his arrest for the victim's murder.

Additional facts will be discussed below in connection with the specific issues raised by the defendant.

2. The availability of the medical examiner. Two months prior to trial, the Commonwealth moved for a continuance on the basis that its medical examiner, Dr. Kimberley Springer, would be on a six-month maternity leave on the scheduled date of the trial and would be unable to testify. The motion was denied without prejudice. The judge instructed the Commonwealth to find a substitute witness. A few weeks later, the Commonwealth again moved for a continuance because the digital photographs from the victim's autopsy had been corrupted and were unavailable for examination by a substitute medical examiner. This motion also was denied without prejudice to give the defendant time to decide whether he would waive his confrontation clause rights. The defendant declined to do so. The Commonwealth then submitted a motion to conduct a deposition of Dr. Springer. See Mass.R.Crim.P. 35, 378 Mass. 906 (1979). This motion was allowed, and Dr. Springer was deposed on videotape in a court room before the trial judge. There was direct, cross, and redirect examination of

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the witness. [Note 8]

On day five of the trial on Friday, March 15, 2013, the Commonwealth moved to introduce the videotaped deposition in evidence. Over the defendant's objection, the judge found that Dr. Springer was unavailable to testify based on the report made by the prosecutor on Monday of that week that she had gone into labor. The videotaped deposition was played for the jury. [Note 9] The defendant contends that the admission of the videotaped deposition was reversible error because it deprived him of his State and Federal constitutional rights under the confrontation clause.

Discussion. 1. The legal framework for determining that a witness is unavailable due to infirmity or illness. The confrontation clause, as it appears in both art. 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights and the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, "establishes 'a rule of necessity, i.e., that the prosecution either produce, or demonstrate the unavailability of, the declarant.'" Commonwealth v. Housewright, 470 Mass. at 670, quoting from Commonwealth v. Roberio, 440 Mass. 245,

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247 (2003). See Mass. G. Evid. § 804(a)(4) (2015). In Housewright, 470 Mass. at 671, the Supreme Judicial Court clarified the requirements for a judicial determination of unavailability: [Note 10]

"Where the Commonwealth claims that its witness is unavailable because of illness or infirmity and that it wishes to offer in evidence the prior recorded testimony of that witness, the Commonwealth bears the burden of showing that there is an unacceptable risk that the witness's health would be significantly jeopardized if the witness were required to testify in court on the scheduled date. To meet this burden, the Commonwealth must provide the judge with reliable, up-to-date information sufficient to permit the judge to make an independent finding. See Commonwealth v. Bohannon, 385 Mass. 733, 744-745 (1992) (second motion judge could not rely on first motion judge's unavailability determination made eight months before trial)."

The court explained further that such information must be sufficiently detailed "about the witness's current medical condition to allow the judge to evaluate the risk that would be posed if the witness were to testify in court -- a conclusory assertion is not enough." Ibid. In assessing whether the risk to the health of a witness who is scheduled to testify is unacceptable, Housewright added that "a judge should consider the probability that the witness's appearance will cause an adverse health consequence, the severity of the adverse health consequence, such as whether it would be life-threatening, the importance of the testimony in the context of the case, and the extent to which the live trial testimony would likely differ from the prior recorded testimony." Id. at 672. [Note 11] Furthermore, in Housewright, the Supreme Judicial Court stated that the confrontation clause is not satisfied if the judge simply determines that on the day a witness is

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scheduled to testify at trial her appearance would create an unacceptable risk to her health. Ibid. Instead, Housewright indicates that the judge must consider whether the risk would become acceptable if the trial is continued. Ibid. "Thus, a witness is unavailable if there is an unacceptable risk that the witness's health would be jeopardized by testifying in court on the scheduled date and either (1) a continuance would not reduce the risk to an acceptable level, or (2) a continuance would make the risk acceptable but would not serve the interests of justice" (emphasis added). Id. at 672-673. [Note 12]

2. Application of the Housewright framework. As noted above, the judge in this case did not have the benefit of the framework developed in Housewright for determining whether a witness is unavailable to testify at trial due to an illness or an infirmity. [Note 13] However, on the fifth day of trial, based entirely on the prosecutor's report that four days earlier, Dr. Springer had gone into labor, the judge ruled that Dr. Springer was unavailable, and overruled the defendant's objection to the use of the videotaped

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deposition.

Certainly, in some circumstances, a woman who gives birth to a child may not be able to testify as a witness at a criminal trial four days later without assuming an unacceptable risk to her health or to the health of her child. However, that may not be true for all women. In this case, there was no inquiry into Dr. Springer's particular circumstances. At the time her deposition testimony was admitted, neither the judge nor the parties knew whether or when she gave birth. Furthermore, even if Dr. Springer's condition on the day she was scheduled to testify did present an unacceptable risk to her of adverse health consequences, no consideration was given to whether the witness could appear later in the trial, [Note 14] or whether a short continuance would alleviate this risk without compromising the interests of justice. See United States v. Jacobs, 97 F.3d 275, 280-282 (8th Cir. 1996) (defendant's right to confrontation violated where witness was pregnant and near her due date; her physician reported that she required hospitalization for two days; and court excused her from appearing in person and permitted her to be cross-examined by telephone, without further inquiry and without making express finding that she was unavailable). Under the circumstances here, the judge's determination that Dr. Springer was not available to testify at trial did not satisfy the test established in Housewright, and did not justify the admission of her deposition testimony. [Note 15]

3. Harmless error. As in Housewright, 470 Mass. at 675, our conclusion that it was error to admit Dr. Springer's deposition testimony as an alternative to her live testimony requires us to consider whether the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Bacigalupo, 455 Mass. 485, 495 (2009). When, as in this case, the error consists of a violation of a constitutional right, the Commonwealth bears the burden of demonstrating "beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained

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of did not contribute to the verdict obtained." Commonwealth v. Marini, 375 Mass. 510, 520 (1978), quoting from Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18 (1967). See Commonwealth v. Morales, 76 Mass. App. Ct. 663, 666-667 (2010). Whether the Commonwealth in this case has met its burden of proof is determined on the basis of the other evidence that was presented to the jury absent the deposition testimony. See Coy v. Iowa, 487 U.S. at 1022. See also Commonwealth v. DiBenedetto, 414 Mass. 37, 41 (1992) (error is harmless if erroneously admitted deposition "was not a substantial factor in the jury's decision to convict").

In Housewright, the court noted that the witness in question (whom the defendant called Grandma) "was the only witness who recognized the defendant at the scene of the crime, and later identified him at an out-of-court identification procedure." 470 Mass. at 675. [Note 16] Her testimony was thus significant, if not indispensable, to the Commonwealth's case. In the present case, by contrast, the deposition testimony of the medical examiner was cumulative of other evidence in the case. See Commonwealth v. Vinnie, 428 Mass. 161, 172 (1998). [Note 17]

The central factual dispute in this case was the identity of the

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shooter. [Note 18] Nothing in the testimony by the medical examiner made it more likely that the shooter was the defendant, as opposed to his cousin Rodley. In their closing statements, the prosecutor and the defense attorney made only passing reference to the testimony of the medical examiner. Defense counsel actually relied on her testimony about the intermediate range of the victim's gunshot wounds to buttress his argument that the shooter was the defendant's cousin Rodley. The closing arguments were primarily about the credibility of the testimony given by the various eyewitnesses and, in particular, the defendant. The defendant has not identified any testimony by the medical examiner that was essential to the Commonwealth's case or significant to the jury's resolution of the defendant's guilt. Defense counsel thoroughly cross-examined Dr. Springer at her deposition, and there is no indication that either her testimony or the defense strategy on cross-examination would have differed at trial. Thus, we hold that the admission of Dr. Springer's videotaped deposition was harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt. See, e.g., McGaha v. State, 926 N.E.2d 1050, 1057 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010); State v. Hassapelis, 620 A.2d 288, 293-294 (Me. 1993); State v. Ash, 169 N.C. App. 715, 727 (2005).

4. Remaining issues. a. Prosecutor's closing argument. The defendant timely objected to the prosecutor's statement that "[the defendant] says [he] can still see Rodley Doriscat come up, poke [the victim] with the gun. [He] can see [the victim] reach for it and then [he] see[s] Rodley shoot him." The defendant is correct that this was a misstatement of the evidence by the prosecutor because the defendant did not testify that he saw Rodley fire the shots. We apply the prejudicial error standard. See Commonwealth v. Wood, 469 Mass. 266, 285-286 (2014). The judge

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instructed the jury that the arguments were not evidence, and that the jurors were to rely on their own memories of the evidence. The principal factor is whether the error was significant, based on the evidence as a whole. Commonwealth v. Kozec, 399 Mass. 514, 523 (1987). The defendant testified that he heard shots, and then saw Rodley running from the scene holding a gun. The defendant also testified that Rodley told him that he poked the victim with a gun. Under the circumstances, the prosecutor's misstatement was not prejudicial. [Note 19]

b. Testimony regarding investigative efforts. Finally, the defendant argues that the judge erred in permitting the prosecutor to elicit testimony from Trooper Keith Sweeney, the lead investigator in the case, that following the shooting and over the course of the days and weeks that followed, he and a team of police investigators interviewed numerous witnesses. During a sidebar discussion, defense counsel told the judge that he could not rule out a request for an instruction that the jury could consider the inadequacy of the police investigation. The defendant does not maintain that the disputed testimony contained any inadmissible hearsay. The defendant does not cite any authority for the proposition that the Commonwealth cannot anticipate that the defendant may attack the adequacy of the police investigation as permitted by Commonwealth v. Bowden, 379 Mass. 472, 486 (1980), by offering testimony, as in this case, about the general extent of the police investigation. The defendant's reliance on Commonwealth v. Stuckich, 450 Mass. 449, 457 (2008), is misplaced because that case turned on the need to avoid unfair vouching for the victim in a sexual assault case in view of the special and limited purpose for which hearsay evidence is admitted under the first complaint doctrine. "[T]he prosecution with its burden of persuasion needs evidentiary depth to tell a continuous story." Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 190 (1997). The extent to which the prosecutor is permitted to inform the jury of the nature and extent of the police investigation as part of its case-

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in-chief is best left to the sound discretion of the judge. [Note 20]

Judgment affirmed.