MARY LAFLEUR LANGEVIN vs. BESSIE FLETCHER & others.

FIELD, J. This is an appeal by the respondents from a decision of the Land Court upon a petition for the registration of land in Ludlow. The respondents own land adjoining on the south the land sought to be registered. The location of the boundary line between these two tracts of land is the matter in dispute.

The judge of the Land Court found as follows: "The petitioner formerly owned as one parcel the respondents' land and the present locus. She made a deed in 1891 to her brother of whatever land the respondents are now entitled to. . . . There lies between these two properties a sort of ravine running east and west. . . . Through the bottom of this ravine a small brook formerly ran westward. Some years ago the town built a sewer a few feet south of the brook, laying a fifteen inch drain pipe and connecting the brook with such sewer by a ten inch drain pipe . . . . Since these arrangements were completed substantially all traces of the brook and the bed of the brook have disappeared, except a small muddy area at . . . [one] corner. From the bottom of the ravine the land rises sharply on either side to the general level of the surrounding territory. It is unimproved, bush-grown and almost worthless land. The distance up these slopes on either side, as shown on the filed plan, indicates an average of about forty feet. The perpendicular depth of the ravine might be about twenty feet. There was no definite evidence of the breadth of the south bank of said brook, regarded as a strict legal term relating to riparian rights; but in view of the size of the sewer pipes used to dispose of its flow . . . such 'bank' could have been only a foot or two wide." In the deed from the petitioner to her brother the easterly and northerly boundaries of the land conveyed are described as running "Northerly on west line of . . . Sewall Street to the southerly bank of a brook;

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thence Westerly along said Southerly bank, to land of one Telesfore George."

The judge found that the boundary line between the land which the petitioner seeks to register and the land of the respondents runs along the top of the steep slope of the south side of the ravine, and ordered a decree accordingly. The respondents contend that the boundary line runs along the southerly edge of the stream at the bottom of the ravine. The case, therefore, turns upon the meaning of the words "Southerly bank," used in the deed, as applied to the "brook" which, as the judge found, "formerly ran westward" at the bottom of a "ravine running east and west" lying "between these two properties."

A question of evidence must be disposed of at the outset. The petitioner, her husband and the draftsman who drew the deed, were permitted to testify that in a conversation at the office of the draftsman, when they were present, with the petitioner's brother and his wife, who have died since, the petitioner told the draftsman "she had sold her brother some land on the south side of her property, extending to the top of the bank," the draftsman "inquired if she. intended to convey to the brook. She replied in the negative, saying she intended to retain the bank as she might want to fence in both banks and keep some ducks along the brook. The grantee assented to this declaration of intention, and acting on such instructions . . . [the draftsman] drew the deed." The respondents excepted to the admission of this testimony.

The evidence was admitted rightly if the deed from the petitioner to her brother, when applied to the land, was ambiguous with respect to the boundary line in question. Sargent v. Adams, 3 Gray 72, 78-79. Chester Emery Co. v. Lucas, 112 Mass. 424, 434. Miles v. Barrows, 122 Mass. 579, 581. Haskell v. Friend, 196 Mass. 198, 203. Temple v. Benson, 213 Mass. 128, 134. The judge ruled, in substance, that there was such an ambiguity as to the meaning of the word "bank" in the description of the boundary line. He found that "it would be hard for a stranger to

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go upon the land, observe the situation there appearing, and not conclude that the description in the deed was intended to stop at the top of the steep slope on the south side of the ravine separating the two properties," and stated that he did not "think it would be natural for anyone standing over the ravine in Sewall Street with the deed in hand to suppose the 'south bank' meant anything other than the space between the bottom of the ravine and the land on the general level above it." As these findings were made upon evidence that is not reported and after the judge had taken a view of the premises, we cannot say that they were not warranted. The uncertainty of interpretation of the deed, held to constitute an ambiguity therein, arose from the difference between the boundary line indicated by these findings and that indicated by the "usual" meaning of the word "bank," according to which, as the judge found, "only a foot or two of land south of the natural flow of the brook" would be excluded from land conveyed.

There was no error in the ruling that this deed, as applied to the land, was ambiguous. A grant of land bounded by the bank of a stream ordinarily excludes the bed of the stream (Hatch v. Dwight, 17 Mass. 288, 298), and, like boundaries by the "shore," "beach" or "flats." (see Boston v. Richardson, 13 Allen 146, 154, 155; Haskell v. Friend, 196 Mass. 198, 200-201, and cases cited; see also eases collected in Note to Commonwealth v. Roxbury, 9 Gray 451, 503, 524-525), excludes the bank of the stream, if such bank has any width apart from the bed of the stream, though a different meaning "may be shown by consideration of the whole instrument, and of monuments referred to therein." Hathaway v. Wilson, 123 Mass. 359, 361. Haskell v. Friend, supra. The decisions in this Commonwealth do not disclose that the word "bank" has any technical or "usual" meaning, though, by analogy to the words "shore," "beach" and "flats." (see Storer v. Freeman, 6 Mass. 435, 439; Niles v. Patch, 13 Gray 254, 257; Litchfield v. Ferguson, 141 Mass. 97), it may be that a boundary by the bank of a stream

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usually means a boundary by highwater mark. It remains true, however, that "the meaning to be attached" to the word "bank" "in a deed must depend upon the instrument . . . taken as a whole . . . and upon surrounding circumstances." Haskell v. Friend, supra, at page 201. See Oklahoma v. Texas, 260 U. S. 606. The words "southerly bank of a brook," in the deed from the petitioner to her brother, could be used without perversion to signify the entire slope on the south side of the ravine, though much of it was never water washed. As was said in Peoria v. Central National Bank, 224 Ill. 43, 55, "no one doubts that the word 'bank' ould be properly used as applying to such a steep acclivity" - in that case "a steep acclivity fifty or sixty feet above the ordinary water line in a fresh water river." If the words "southerly bank" have this meaning, a boundary line running "to" and "along" it ordinarily would exclude such "ban." from the tract conveyed, so that the boundary line would run at the top of the slope. The difference between this interpretation of the deed and an interpretation based upon a use of the word "bank" which may be more usual, creates an ambiguity.

With the evidence of the conversation at the draftsman's office before him, the judge clearly was warranted in finding that the boundary line between the land sought to be registered and the respondents' land adjoining it on the south was at the top of the slope on the south side of the ravine. His finding, therefore, stands. G. L. c. 185, § 15. Bessey v. Ollman, 242 Mass. 89, 91. Bucella v. Agrippino, 257 Mass. 483, 486.

Order for decree affirmed.