DENNIS FRANCIS COLLINS'S (dependent's) CASE.

KIRK, J. This is an appeal by the city of Quincy, a self insurer, from a decree awarding compensation to a widow

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on account of the death of her husband, an employee, in accordance with a decision of the reviewing board which reversed the findings and decision of the single member.

The deceased, sixty-eight years of age, had been employed by the forestry department of the city for several years. On March 28, 1956, Andrew Stewart, the superintendent of the forestry department, requested his foreman, Francis Keegan, to pick up an order of coal at a Quincy coal yard and deliver it to premises owned by Stewart in Quincy. Keegan took Collins, the decedent, with him in a city owned truck and picked up six baskets of coal weighing seventy-five to eighty pounds each. They brought the coal to Stewart's premises at 117 Sea Avenue. The house, which is located at the foot of a steep slope between the street and the ocean, is set back about forty feet from the street. The day was very cold and windy, and the slope was covered with snow. The two men carried the baskets of coal down the slope to the rear of the Stewart house. While Keegan was carrying a basket toward the house, Collins dropped dead on the slope. The cause of death was coronary thrombosis.

The single member denied the claim for compensation on the ground that the claimant had "failed to sustain the burden of proof by a fair preponderance of . . . evidence that the decedent suffered personal injury arising out of and in the course of his employment with the city of Quincy; or that his death was in any way causally related to said employment."

In reversing the single member the reviewing board found that although the delivery of the coal "was not in the usual course of the business of the city of Quincy," the "request" by Stewart to Keegan for such delivery "was equivalent to an `order' to . . . [Keegan] within the purview of Section 26 of c. 152 [Note 1] . . . and that such order contemplated the

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inclusion of the deceased within its scope as he was Keegan's assistant who was required by the latter to go with him and, as we infer and find, to assist him in carrying the coal." The board further found on the basis of expert medical testimony that the deceased's death was causally related to his employment.

The findings of the reviewing board supersede those of the single member. Brewer's Case, 335 Mass. 128, 129. The general finding of the reviewing board is final unless it is not supported by evidence or is affected by errors of law, and this is so even if a different finding could have been made by the board. Hartman's Case, 336 Mass. 508, 511, and cases cited. Examination of the evidence satisfies us that the findings of the board are warranted by the evidence. The city does not contend the contrary.

The sole question is whether the board's decision is tainted by error of law in ruling that G. L. c. 152, Section 26, is applicable. Section 69 of G. L. c. 152 entitles certain employees (laborers, workmen and mechanics) of cities (as well as other governmental units of the Commonwealth) which have accepted St. 1913, c. 807 (see now G. L. c. 152, Sections 69-75), to the compensation provided by the workmen's compensation act. We assume that the city of Quincy has accepted the act. There is no question that the decedent was an employee within the meaning of G. L. c. 152, Section 69. Stoltz's Case, 325 Mass. 692, 693-694. The city urges, however, that the provisions of Section 26 (quoted in footnote 1) cannot be applied to city employees referred to in Section 69, because it would result in a diversion of public funds for a private purpose, which would be illegal. (See Opinion of the Justices, 313 Mass. 779, 783.) This contention is untenable. It erroneously assumes that the quoted part of Section 26 impliedly authorizes supervisors to order subordinates

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to perform personal errands for supervisors. Such undesirable and unintended side effects if they occur ought not to defeat the true purpose of the statute. The true aim of the statute is to save employees, public or private, covered by the act from an "intolerable dilemma": without such a statutory provision an employee who complied with such an order would forfeit his compensation protection; if he did not comply, he might well be subjected to unpleasant consequences. See Larson, Workmen's Compensation Law, Section 27.40. The beneficent purpose of the statute should not be permitted to fail because of the possibility of abuse of authority by those in public supervisory positions. The risk of the decision to obey or not to obey the order should not fall on the employee. Rather, the responsibility for the validity of the order should remain with the supervisor who issues it. The true purpose of the statute could still be preserved, and the inherent possibilities of abuse curtailed, by the imposition by proper authorities of direct sanctions against supervisors who would exploit the efforts of subordinates to private advantage.

The view which we take is consistent with, and to some extent in furtherance of, the development of the workmen's compensation law within the Commonwealth. "[It] is a proceeding created by our statutes enacted for the purpose of ameliorating the economic plight of an employee injured in the course of and on account of his employment, or of his dependents if death ensues from his injury." Charon's Case, 321 Mass. 694, 697. See also Young v. Duncan, 218 Mass. 346, 349. In every case where a city employee is awarded compensation under the act an individual will receive a benefit at the expense of the city, but this does not mean that the act has a private purpose. On the contrary, the act has a public purpose, as this court has repeatedly said since its enactment. Nartowicz's Case, 334 Mass. 684, 687.

In furtherance of the purpose of the act, it is to be construed broadly to cover as many employees as possible. Warren's Case, 326 Mass. 718, 719. See Castagna's Case, 310 Mass. 325, 328.

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Compare Ryder's Case, 341 Mass. 661, 665. By acceptance of Section 69 the electorate of the city has indicated an intention to accomplish the beneficent purpose of the act which requires that all of the provisions of Section 26 be operative. Indeed, when the city elected to accept the act, it assumed the position of any other employer subject to the act, and thereby became bound by all the provisions of Section 26. See Stoltz's Case, 325 Mass. 692, 695; Hurley's Case, 302 Mass. 46, 48. There is no merit to the city's contention that Section 26 does not apply to this case.

The claimant asks us in her brief to modify the decree by allowing costs of $1,200 instead of the $400 therein provided. For the reasons stated in Watson's Case, 322 Mass. 581, 586, and in Brek's Case, 335 Mass. 144, 149, we cannot do so.

Costs and expenses of this appeal under G. L. c. 152, Section 11A, shall be allowed by the single justice.

Decree affirmed.